Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for hydrogenating a stream of hydrocarbons is provided. The pressure and temperature of the stream are elevated and the stream is passed through two or more serially connected hydrogenation reaction zones. While passing through the reaction zones hydrogen is dispersed in the stream and the stream is caused to flow along successive downward and upward paths. The reacted stream is cooled prior to reducing the pressure exerted thereon.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for hydrogenating a stream of hydrocarbons is provided. The pressure and temperature of the stream are elevated and the stream is passed through two or more serially connected hydrogenation reaction zones. While passing through the reaction zones hydrogen is dispersed in the stream and the stream is caused to flow along successive downward and upward paths. The reacted stream is cooled prior to reducing the pressure exerted thereon.

Abstract: A mixing chamber for catalyst and oil in a catalytic cracking unit in which atomized oil is introduced preferably axially in a preferably vertically oriented transfer line or riser reactor from an atomization chamber segregated from flow of cracking catalyst. The cracking catalyst flows with a radially inward component to the mouth of the riser from the circumference thereof and mixes with the oil feed.

Abstract: The walls surrounding the atomization chamber in a catalytic cracking unit where the cracking catalyst surrounds the atomization chamber are cooled by a flow of cooling fluid and baffles to cause the cooling fluid to flow in generally annular streams with crossflow between the annular streams being in a generally radially inwardly direction.

Abstract: A process for gasifying carbonaceous solids in a rotating zone is disclosed wherein the gasifying agents are injected into a tumbling bed of the solids through an elongated, rotating tubular flow path (19) positioned and supported so as to remain in the tumbling bed during rotation of the zone. The invention is particularly useful in rotary kilns where coal, lignite, peat, heavy oil residual, and other carbonaceous materials are gasified using injected steam, oxygen or air.

Abstract: The walls surrounding the atomization chamber in a fluidized catalytic cracking unit where the cracking catalyst surrounds the atomization chamber are cooled by a flow of cooling fluid and baffles to cause the cooling fluid to flow in generally annular streams with crossflow between the annular streams being in a generally radially inwardly direction.

Abstract: A mixing chamber for solids and feed such as in a fluidized catalytic cracking unit in which atomized oil is introduced preferably axially in a preferably vertically oriented transfer line or riser reactor from an atomization chamber segregated from flow of cracking catalyst. The cracking catalyst flows with a radially inward component to the mouth of the riser from the circumference thereof and mixes with the oil feed.

Abstract: Natural gas having a high carbon dioxide content is contacted with sea water in an absorber at or near the bottom of the ocean to produce a purified natural gas.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for removing an impurity from a gas by means of selective absorption of a gas impurity by a suitable absorbent. The absorbent and gas are contacted in a cocurrent flow contacter which is submerged in the absorbent. The flow of the absorbent in the absorber can be induced by means of the dispersion of the gas in the absorbent thereby avoiding the need for pumps or other means to induce circulation. The process and the apparatus can be used for the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas with the use of salt water, e.g., sea water as the absorbent. The invention is specially useful for removing carbon dioxide from natural gas obtained from a natural gas well located in off shore waters that produces a gas with a high concentration of carbon dioxide as the apparatus can be erected on the ocean floor and use the surrounding sea water as absorbent.

Abstract: Natural gas enriched in methane is produced from underground natural gas reservoirs of high CO.sub.2 content by water flooding to absorb the CO.sub.2 within the formation.