Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate generally to electric double layer capacitors having an electrolyte formulation that includes a quantity of a stabilizing additive such that the electrochemical double layer capacitors retain cell capacitance for longer periods of time, generate less gas during operation, and experience less long term ESR. In some embodiments, an electrolyte formulation includes an ionic species, a solvent, and a stabilizer. In some embodiments the stabilizer contains a moiety that promotes adsorption to a surface, such as a carbon surface, and a moiety that promotes polarity of the stabilizer. In some embodiments, the solvent can be a nitrile compound and the stabilizer can be a compound of the formula I: Such that R is H, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, acyclic carbon group, OH, halogen NH2, NO2, (SO)2CF3, or monocyclic or polycyclic aryl, and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate generally to electric double layer capacitors having an electrolyte formulation that includes a quantity of a stabilizing additive such that the electrochemical double layer capacitors retain cell capacitance for longer periods of time, generate less gas during operation, and experience less long term ESR. In some embodiments, an electrolyte formulation includes an ionic species, a solvent, and a stabilizer. In some embodiments the stabilizer contains a moiety that promotes adsorption to a surface, such as a carbon surface, and a moiety that promotes polarity of the stabilizer. In some embodiments, the solvent can be a nitrile compound and the stabilizer can be a compound of the formula I: Such that R is H, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, acyclic carbon group, OH, halogen NH2, NO2, S(O)2CF3, or monocyclic or polycyclic aryl, and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate generally to electric double layer capacitors having an electrolyte formulation that includes a quantity of a stabilizing additive such that the electrochemical double layer capacitors retain cell capacitance for longer periods of time, generate less gas during operation, and experience less long term ESR. In some embodiments, an electrolyte formulation includes an ionic species, a solvent, and a stabilizer. In some embodiments the stabilizer contains a moiety that promotes adsorption to a surface, such as a carbon surface, and a moiety that promotes polarity of the stabilizer. In some embodiments, the solvent can be a nitrile compound and the stabilizer can be a compound of the formula I: Such that R is H, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, acyclic carbon group, OH, halogen NH2, NO2, (SO)2CF3, or monocyclic or polycyclic aryl, and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to managing timestamps associated with received data. According to one embodiment, data is collected from a device that generates data at a specified rate, but which lacks a built-in clock. An accurate timestamp is assigned to the data by first taking an absolute timestamp from a reference clock, and then adding a calculated amount of time to each subsequent data point based on an estimate of the sampling frequency of the device. As the generated timestamp drifts from the actual reference clock time, the sampling frequency is re-estimated based on the amount of detected drift.

Abstract: Modular building panel systems, building column structures and other building components are disclosed. Methods of making and using modular building panel systems, building column structures and other building components are also disclosed.

Abstract: A family of organic compounds with chemical properties that make them suitable for use as phase change materials (PCMs), comprising, esters of dibasic acids are disclosed. These materials have high latent heats of fusion, low flammability, low miscibility with water, low cost, availability and a range of melting temperatures. The PCMs of the invention may be enclosed in a single, non-compartmentalized container with immiscible phase change material substances to moderate the temperature of a body between that of the melting temperatures of the PCMs.

Abstract: A process for moderating the thermal energy content of a body with a container enclosing a phase change material (PCM) is detailed. The phase change material comprises a high molecular weight dibasic organic acid and mixtures thereof. Miscible aliphatic and aryl monobasic acids are also suitable as PCM constituents. The PCM is capable of absorbing thermal energy from a variety of bodies including air, heat transfer fluids, combustion reactions, radiation sources and the like. In the course of absorbing thermal energy the PCM undergoes a reversible melt. Upon the PCM being exposed to a temperature below its melting temperature, the PCM releases the stored latent heat of fusion energy absorbed upon melting and undergoes a reversible freeze.

Abstract: A biologically-active compound which includes an inorganic mixed metal cationic portion having anion exchange properties and an anionic portion containing a biologically-active anion. The mixed metal cationic portion can be an oxide, hydroxide, or both, and can be fully hydrated, partially hydrated, or not hydrated. The biologically-active anion can be, e.g., an antibiotic, an analgesic, an antimicrobial, a pharmaceutical, an antioxidant, or an agricultural chemical such as a herbicide or a pesticide. These biologically-active compounds can have controlled-release properties and can be produced by relatively simple processes, using for the cationic portion relatively common starting materials. These biologically-active compounds are useful, for example, in compositions to form pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, or herbicides, and can be incorporated into a polymeric material to form a shaped body, such as a plastic film which can be utilized to form bags for food storage or transportation.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising a eutectic composition of CaBr.sub.2 .multidot.6H.sub.2 O and CaBr.sub.2 .multidot.4H.sub.2 O, having more than 5.4 but less than 6.0 moles of H.sub.2 O per mole of CaBr.sub.2. The composition optionally includes additives selected from KBr and NaBr to lower the melting point of the composition. The composition optionally also includes a nucleating agent selected from Ba and Sr salts to reduce supercooling of the composition to 5.degree. C. or less.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition for the storage of energy comprising a mixture of hydrated calcium bromide/calcium chloride and a modifier selected from KBr, KCl, or mixtures thereof, for modifying the semicongruent melting of the mixture to reduce the formation of crystalline CaBr.sub.2 and CaCl.sub.2 hydrate phases other than the hexahydrate phase. The composition is useful over a temperature range of from about 5.degree. to about 50.degree. C. and can be employed for the storage of coolness or heat, or as a buffer or heat sink to modulate diurnal swings in ambient temperature.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising a mixture of hydrated CaCl.sub.2 and KCl in which the KCl modifies the semi-congruently melting behavior of CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O to the extent that the mixture approaches congruent melting behavior. The composition preferably includes nucleating additives to modify and suppress the supercooling properties of the liquid phase of the composition. The composition most preferably comprises an admixture of hydrated CaCl.sub.2 and KCl having an amount of NaCl and/or SrCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O as an additive sufficient to obtain an effectively congruently melting mixture.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition for storing thermal energy. The composition comprises at least one hydrated inorganic salt selected from a salt or mixture of salts that are subject to segregation of its chemical components during repeated freezing and thawing cycles, and a surface active thickening agent in the form of a cationic surfactant and selected from an amine, salts of the amine, or a quaternary ammonium salt of the amine, wherein the thickening agent is present in the hydrated salt in an amount sufficient to form a micelle structure throughout the hydrated salt to prevent such segregation.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising a mixture of hydrated CaCl.sub.2 and a potassium salt whose anion forms a substantially less soluble salt with calcium and in which the potassium salt modifies the semi-congruently melting behavior of CaCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2 O to the extent that the mixture approaches congruent melting behavior. Preferred examples of such compositions are CaCl.sub.2 admixed with potassium sulfate, potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate. The composition preferably includes nucleating additives to modify and suppress the supercooling properties of the liquid phase of the composition. The composition is adapted to be incorporated into an encapsulating means for use as a heat storage device.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising hydrated MgCl.sub.2 and one or more of Ba(OH).sub.2, Sr(OH).sub.2, CaO, SrCO.sub.3, BaO, Ca(OH).sub.2, Mg(OH).sub.2, MgO, Na.sub.3 AlF.sub.6 or CaC.sub.2 O.sub.4, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the MgCl.sub.2 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising hydrated Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 /MgCl.sub.2, and one or more of Sr(OH).sub.2, Ca(OH).sub.2, CaO or BaO, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 /MgCl.sub.2 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising hydrated MgCl.sub.2 and one or more of Ba(OH).sub.2, Sr(OH).sub.2, CaO, SrCO.sub.3, BaO, Ca(OH).sub.2, Mg(OH).sub.2, MgO, Na.sub.3 AlF.sub.6 or CaC.sub.2 O.sub.4, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the MgCl.sub.2 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid/solid phase change composition comprising hydrated Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 /MgCl.sub.2, and one or more of Sr(OH).sub.2, Ca(OH).sub.2, CaO or BaO, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 /MgCl.sub.2 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid solid phase change composition comprising Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2 O/NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, and one of the group of MgO, CaO, Mg(OH).sub.2, and/or Ca(OH).sub.2, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2.6H.sub.2 O/NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid solid phase change composition comprising hydrated Mg(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and one of the group of Sr(OH).sub.2, SrCO.sub.3, Ba(OH).sub.2, BaO, BaCO.sub.3 and/or NaBO.sub.2 added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the MgNO.sub.3 liquid phase.

Abstract: A reversible liquid solid phase change composition comprising hydrated CaCl.sub.2, and one of the group of BaI.sub.2, BaSO.sub.4, and/or BaO, added to the composition in an effective amount to suppress supercooling of the CaCl.sub.2 liquid phase.