Abstract: An energy management system for an electrical system of a motor vehicle subjected to a large number of loads including at least one generator, at least one storage battery, a controller of energy distribution in the system which bases such control at least on efficiency of individual components of the motor vehicle involved in power generation, energy storage and power consumption. In order to determine the overall efficiency of the energy storage unit, which comprises at least one energy store, the state of charge, the temperature of the store and the absolute magnitude of the charging and discharging currents are taken into account. In addition to mechanically driven generators, the system can possess a fuel cell and, in addition to an electrochemical energy store, further physical stores such as double-layer capacitors.

Abstract: A process for producing supporting frameworks for electrodes of galvanic elements, in the form of plates which include expanded metal, including providing a metal strip with incisions in the conveying direction, expanding the metal strip substantially transversely to the incisions, pressing/flattening the expanded metal in a region of the strip selected for cuts to be made transversely to the conveying direction, and dividing the strip by cutting in the region.

Abstract: A rechargeable electric battery including a plate block arranged in a plastic block box, positive and negative electrodes located in the box and electrically isolated by separators and conductively connected by sulfuric acid electrolyte, a cover for the box which has closure plugs and/or acid state indicators fitted in a gas-tight manner to openings therein, wherein at least a portion of an inner surface of the battery is electrically conductive or is provided with an electrically conductive layer, beginning in an area of a sealing seat of the closure plug or of the acid state indicator, and is electrically conductively connected to the electrolyte.

Abstract: A method for determining the state of charge of a storage battery, wherein at least two methods of different approach for determining state of charge are simultaneously applied. The individually obtained results of the different methods are weighted in accordance with their respective reliability in the respective current or former operating situation of the storage battery, and the weighted mean value of the individual methods thus obtained is used as final output variable of the method and displayed. The voltage of the storage battery, the current flowing through it and its temperatures are measured, and the different methods use these input variables and variables derived from these input variables as final input variables. At least one of the different methods uses the integration of the current flowing through the storage battery to determine the changes in the charge content of the storage battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the state of charge and loading capacity of an electrical storage battery by measuring current, voltage and temperature and comparing the measured values with the corresponding values for the response of an equivalent circuit diagram of the storage battery, the parameters of the components in the equivalent circuit diagram and the state variables being varied such that the measured values are matched and that the state of charge and loading capacity are determined from the adjusted parameters and state variables determined.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the state of charge and loading capacity of an electrical storage battery by measuring current, voltage and temperature and comparing the measured values with the corresponding values for the response of an equivalent circuit diagram of the storage battery, the parameters of the components in the equivalent circuit diagram and the state variables being varied such that the measured values are matched and that the state of charge and loading capacity are determined from the adjusted parameters and state variables determined.

Abstract: The invention pertains to an electrode grid for lead batteries with a rectangular grid frame, pasting accessory rails arranged on it, and a group of grid cross members which form the skeleton to hold the active mass, the pasting accessory rails extending on both sides of the electrode grid solely in the pasting direction and, especially on the front and back side of the electrode grid, are arranged offset from each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for determining the starting capacity of a starter battery of a motor vehicle for which the mean value for the voltage surge during the starting of an internal combustion engine, is determined as a function of mean values for the battery and engine temperatures, compared with the voltage surge values of a characteristic line field which records determined voltage surges as a function of corresponding battery and engine temperatures, a deviation of the actually determined voltage surge from the voltage surge stored in the characteristic line field is determined and compared to a preassigned value, and an indicator or an alarm is triggered as soon as the preassigned value is exceeded.

Abstract: In an electric battery, an electronic clock is integrated in the battery container in order to monitor battery functions. The frequency of the electronic clock is varied as a function of at least one characteristic value of the battery. In one embodiment, the frequency of the electronic clock increases with increasing electrolyte temperature and increasing deviation of the terminal voltage from the open-circuit voltage of the battery. Specifically, the electronic clock may be connected to a measurement probe immersed in the electrolyte through which voltage is supplied to the electronic clock and the battery temperature and the electrolyte level are measured. The electronic clock signals its stopping as soon as a pre-assigned nominal running time is reached.

Abstract: A method for charging an electric storage cell, in particular a lead acid battery, as the starter battery in a motor vehicle, involves the generator voltage being controlled, using the charge state of the accumulator as a controlled variable, the charge state being derived from a measurement of the no-load voltage of the storage cell at the instant of the zero crossing of the current flowing in the storage cell. The measurement of the no-load voltage is carried out within a period of from 0.1 ms to 1 ms after a zero crossing of the current in the storage cell.

Abstract: A method is specified for determining the charge state of a battery, for example a vehicle starter battery, in which a charge balance is carried out by evaluating the charging current and the discharging current. This charge balance is checked with the aid of the measured battery open-circuit voltage and corrected. Depending on further variables, for example, the battery temperature, a time interval is determined which can be used to detect how long the battery can still supply an acceptable discharging current under the given conditions. This time interval is optimized with the aid of suitable correction functions, and serves as a measure of the present charge state of the battery.

Abstract: For the effective removal of Joule heat from the interior of a high-performance lead battery, especially those with a fixed electrolyte, at least one of the negative grid plates which participate in the development of the electrodes are provided with a U-shaped tube which surrounds and is attached to the grid, in place of the usual grid frame, and through which a coolant circulates. Especially advantageous due to its capacity to conduct heat is a combination of a lead-coated, copper mesh grid and a copper tube, with a residual strip of unexpanded copper sheeting attached to the grid mesh along the remaining upper section of the frame, and developing the conducting lug.

Abstract: A device, configured as a double mold, for casting terminal bars (straps) and terminal poles onto the lugs of a completely assembled plate group for electric storage batteries ensures optimum attachment of all of the lugs (both polarities) to the molten bar lead if the heat exchange between the bar lead and the dipped volume of each negative or positive lug is identical. This requirement is met by causing the negative and positive casting molds, together with their contents, to form thermally equivalent sections or blocks, which are equalized if necessary, by changing the dimensions (thickness) of the mold's walls. When the lugs are made of lead or a lead alloy, such a double mold also makes it possible, during a subsequent two-stage cooling process, to first allow the terminal poles to solidify, simultaneously, and to then allow the terminal bars to solidify, simultaneously.

Abstract: Method for producing a container whose interior is substantially under atmospheric pressure, by a vacuum welding process in which the container is sealed by welding together under vacuum a plurality of wall components while maintaining an opening therein. The interior of the container is filled through the opening with a medium which is substantially under atmospheric pressure. The opening is made vacuum-tight by a first seal. The container interior is sealed from the outside by an additional seal in the form of a cover for the opening, which cover is welded to the container under vacuum. The cover borders on the outer face of the container in such a manner that the cover is welded to the container under vacuum along a line which extends at such a distance from the first seal that the sealing effect of the first seal is not adversely influenced.

Abstract: An implantable, artifical cardiac pacemaker including a releasable electrical connection composed of a plug and a mating receptacle provided with conical sealing surfaces for the connection of an electrode, the sealing surfaces contacting one another, once connection is made, in a manner to hermetically seal the connection as well as of the interior of the pacemaker housing against external influences, a ceramic ring serving to insulate the conductive pacemaker housing from the connection.