Abstract: A battery is provided that uses supercapacitors and battery cells connected by switches among themselves and to input and output terminals via multiplexed selection under the control of a microprocessor or microcontroller. The supercapacitors and battery cells of the battery may independently, or in combination, power an electric vehicle. The battery may be operated in several modes, at least one of which may be used to power an electric vehicle long enough to reach a charging station in connection with charge on the battery cells being partially or almost completely depleted. The battery may also deliver charge while the battery cells and or the supercapacitors are being charged. Further, the battery may be fast charging on-the-run in that the supercapacitors may be charged faster that the battery cells permitting an electric vehicle to be powered without spending considerable time, that would otherwise be required at a conventional charging station with traditional batteries.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method of generating and presenting non-processed streaming audio data and non-processed streaming video data to a first viewer and a second viewer. The method may include presenting, via a commercial television display unit, the non-processed streaming video data to at least one of the commentator, the first viewer, and the second viewer. The method may include generating the non-processed streaming audio data related to the live event by the commentator, and transferring the non-processed streaming audio data via an Internet to the first viewer and the second viewer. Also, the method may include providing the first viewer and the second viewer with a capability to synchronize a video presentation time of the non-processed streaming video data with an audio presentation time of the non-processed streaming audio data.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method of generating and presenting non-processed streaming audio data and non-processed streaming video data to a first viewer and a second viewer. The method may include presenting, via a commercial television display unit, the non-processed streaming video data to at least one of the commentator, the first viewer, and the second viewer. The method may include generating the non-processed streaming audio data related to the live event by the commentator, and transferring the non-processed streaming audio data via an Internet to the first viewer and the second viewer. Also, the method may include providing the first viewer and the second viewer with a capability to synchronize a video presentation time of the non-processed streaming video data with an audio presentation time of the non-processed streaming audio data.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method of generating and presenting digital streaming data to a viewer. The digital streaming data comprises streaming video data depicted from a live event and streaming audio data generated by a commentator, the streaming audio data related to the live event. In many embodiments, the method includes presenting the streaming video data to the commentator and the viewer and generating streaming audio data by the commentator related to the live event. Methods may also include transferring the streaming audio data via an Internet to the viewer and providing the viewer with synchronization means to synchronize the streaming video data with the streaming audio data.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method of generating and presenting digital streaming data to a viewer. The digital streaming data comprises streaming video data depicted from a live event and streaming audio data generated by a commentator, the streaming audio data related to the live event. In many embodiments, the method includes presenting the streaming video data to the commentator and the viewer and generating streaming audio data by the commentator related to the live event. Methods may also include transferring the streaming audio data via an Internet to the viewer and providing the viewer with synchronization means to synchronize the streaming video data with the streaming audio data.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a digital streaming data system for synchronizing digital data to a viewer. Methods of using the system may include streaming audio data to a first remote computing device, wherein the audio data comprises audio commentary about a live event. Methods may further include streaming video data to a second remote computing device, wherein the video data is depicted from the live event. Additionally, methods may include the data streaming system synchronizing the audio data on the first remote computing device with the video data presented on the second remote computing device, such that the audio data and the video data may be substantially simultaneously presented.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method for protecting a computer processor system from a harmful communication session from a network linked to the processor system. The method may thereby interrupt a stream of damaging data from the network. Methods may include disconnecting the processor from the network in response to a first event that comprises no activity from a human operator interacting with the processor system and the first event occurs independently of any data available to the processor system. Methods may also include resuming communication to the network by connecting the processor to the network in response to a second event that is controlled by the processor system independent from the contents of the data received from the network.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a method for protecting a computer processor system from a harmful communication session from a network linked to the processor. The method can include disconnecting the processor from the network in response to a first event. The disconnecting step can disrupt the continuity of the harmful communication session from the network to the processor. The method can also include connecting the processor to the network in response to a second event. In some embodiments, the first and second events are controlled by the processor system independent from the contents of the data received from the network.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a sensor system for indicating wear of a brake pad attached to a vehicle. In some embodiments, the system includes a brake housing, a brake pad, and a sensor that determines when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location. The system may also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module may comprise a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly transmit radio frequency information to an external receiver and an internal transmitter coupled to the radio frequency antenna. The electronic module may also include memory and a battery.

Abstract: The disclosure includes a system for indicating wear of a brake pad attached to a vehicle. The system can include a pad holder, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the pad holder, and a sensing device coupled to the brake pad and located at least partially within the cavity. The sensing device can include a first electrode and a second electrode embedded within the sensing device. The first electrode and the second electrode can measure electrical resistivity of an electrically conductive material located within the sensing device. The electrical resistivity can indicate a thickness of the internal portion of the brake pad after the internal portion has been eroded by the rotating portion of the wheel.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location by a rotating portion of a wheel. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly receive radio frequency energy from an external radio frequency transmitter, and an energy converter electrically coupled to the radio frequency antenna. As well, the electronic module can include an internal transmitter electrically coupled to the energy converter and the radio frequency antenna.

Abstract: A document holder system can include a thin surface elongate along a first direction and a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. The document holder system can include a first adhesive portion disposed on a back side along a top portion of the thin surface. Additionally, the document holder system can include a second adhesive portion disposed on a front side along at least one of the top portion and a middle portion of the thin surface.

Abstract: A document holder system can include a thin surface elongate along a first direction and a second direction that is perpendicular to the first direction. The document holder system can include a first adhesive portion disposed on a back side along a top portion of the thin surface. Additionally, the document holder system can include a second adhesive portion disposed on a front side along at least one of the top portion and a middle portion of the thin surface.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location by a rotating portion of a wheel. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly receive radio frequency energy from an external radio frequency transmitter, and an energy converter electrically coupled to the radio frequency antenna. The electronic module can include an internal transmitter electrically coupled to the energy converter and the radio frequency antenna.

Abstract: A preservative efficacy test for determining efficiency of at least one preservative material that is present in a consumable product to reduce or eliminate living microorganisms that includes challenging the preservative material with at least one microorganism derived from a pure culture by inoculating a sample of the product with a quantity of at least one challenge microorganism and allowing the microorganisms to grow for an predetermined interval after which the preservative is neutralized and a portion of the resulting sample is cultured in a testing system that includes at least one testing container, wherein the testing container contains liquid growth media and sensor means capable of monitoring microorganism growth by sensing the metabolic by-products generated by growth of microorganisms present in the liquid growth media and producing an output signal that can be measured and analyzed.

Abstract: A preservative efficacy test for determining efficiency of at least one preservative material that is present in a consumable product to reduce or eliminate living microorganisms that includes challenging the preservative material with at least one microorganism derived from a pure culture by inoculating a sample of the product with a quantity of at least one challenge microorganism and allowing the microorganisms to grow for an predetermined interval after which the preservative is neutralized and a portion of the resulting sample is cultured in a testing system that includes at least one testing container, wherein the testing container contains liquid growth media and sensor means capable of monitoring microorganism growth by sensing the metabolic by-products generated by growth of microorganisms present in the liquid growth media and producing an output signal that can be measured and analyzed.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the vehicle. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly transmit radio frequency information to an external receiver, a battery, memory, and an internal transmitter coupled to the battery. The internal transmitter can be configured to wirelessly transmit information from the sensor and the memory to the external receiver via the radio frequency antenna.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location by a rotating portion of a wheel. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly receive radio frequency energy from an external radio frequency transmitter, and an energy converter electrically coupled to the radio frequency antenna. As well, the electronic module can include an internal transmitter electrically coupled to the energy converter and the radio frequency antenna.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location by a rotating portion of a wheel. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly receive radio frequency energy from an external radio frequency transmitter, and an energy converter electrically coupled to the radio frequency antenna. The electronic module can include an internal transmitter electrically coupled to the energy converter and the radio frequency antenna.

Abstract: A system can be used to indicate wear of a brake pad. The system can include a brake housing, a brake pad mechanically coupled to the brake housing, and a sensor mechanically coupled to the brake pad. The sensor can determine when the brake pad has been worn to a predetermined location by a rotating portion of a wheel. The system can also include an electronic module electrically coupled to the sensor and mechanically coupled to the brake housing. The electronic module can include a radio frequency antenna configured to wirelessly receive radio frequency energy from an external radio frequency transmitter, and an energy converter electrically coupled to the radio frequency antenna. As well, the electronic module can include an internal transmitter electrically coupled to the energy converter and the radio frequency antenna.