Abstract: A medical three-dimensional locating apparatus includes an arm unit comprising a first arm pivotally supported for tuning about a first axis, a second arm pivotally supported on the first arm for tuning about a second axis perpendicular to the first axis, and an indicating unit or an echo probe held on the second arm so as to be moved toward and away from the intersection point of the first and second axes. A support unit supports the arm unit, and position detectors are provided for detecting the position of the intersection point of the first and second axes and the position of the tip of the indicating unit or the like relative to the intersection point.

Abstract: A packing apparatus comprising: a plurality of thin, annular packing members each embracing the arched portions in the cross section being so arranged in an axial layer, with their peripheral parts held in contact with a shaft, so as to form gaps with adjacent members at the portions in contact with the shaft, and concave and convex cover members being inserted at both ends of the packing assembly thus arranged.

Abstract: A continuous sludge heat treatment apparatus in sewage disposal system having an axially porous member within a vertical vessel and radial apertures in the side wall of vessel below the axially porous member, so as to have almost all part of sludge exposed to, and thus heated directly with, steam supplied through the radial apertures while the sludge fed into the head of vessel falls down in the form of thin strings through the axial pores and hits the tail of vessel.

Abstract: Shaft seal packing which has a large number of thin annular packing members uprightly set onto, and closely fitted to, a shaft in axial layers by compressing them only axially with respect to each other in a stuffing box, the inner diameter of the annular packing members being almost the same as the diameter of shaft, so as to greatly increase the hydrodynamic resistance between shaft and packing member, and decrease the compression of packing members to shaft, at the same time.