Abstract: A number of variations may include a turbine housing comprising a turbine body; an inlet passage and an outlet passage connected to the turbine body; a wastegate passage operatively connected to the outlet passage; a diffuser positioned within the outlet passage comprising at least one radial opening; wherein the first flow passage accepts fluid flow from the wastegate passage and the second flow passage accepts fluid flow from the turbine wheel; wherein a first end of the diffuser is attached to a first end of the turbine outlet and a second end of the diffuser is attached to a second end of the turbine outlet so that fluid flow from the first flow passage is directed into the second flow passage through the at least one radial opening before exiting the outlet passage, and wherein the at least one radial opening minimizes turbulence of fluid flow exiting the turbine housing.

Abstract: A number of variations may include a method that may include producing a turbine wheel may include; designing a turbine wheel may include a backwall opposite a nose; forming a wax-pattern of the turbine wheel; casting the turbine wheel; determining the center of gravity of the turbine wheel; identifying an axis of rotation of the turbine wheel; and machining the backwall of the turbine wheel.

Abstract: A number of variations may include a turbine housing comprising a turbine body; an inlet passage and an outlet passage connected to the turbine body; a wastegate passage operatively connected to the outlet passage; a diffuser positioned within the outlet passage comprising at least one radial opening; wherein the first flow passage accepts fluid flow from the wastegate passage and the second flow passage accepts fluid flow from the turbine wheel; wherein a first end of the diffuser is attached to a first end of the turbine outlet and a second end of the diffuser is attached to a second end of the turbine outlet so that fluid flow from the first flow passage is directed into the second flow passage through the at least one radial opening before exiting the outlet passage, and wherein the at least one radial opening minimizes turbulence of fluid flow exiting the turbine housing.

Abstract: A safety cap comprising a plurality of rigid plates, a foam insert, and an outer covering. The rigid plates are embedded within the foam insert, and the foam insert comprises foam joints. A safety cap comprising a plurality of cushions, a rigid shell, and an outer covering. The cushions are attached to the inside of the rigid shell, and they comprise a plurality of nozzles. A safety cap in which rigid plates and cushions are embedded within a foam insert. The cushions are positioned on the inner surface of the rigid plates and may contain air, foam, fluid or a combination thereof. The outer covering is preferably made of fabric, and the cap preferably comprises an adjustable strap. The cap optionally includes ventilation holes, ear cutouts, eye cutouts, a ponytail cutout, an eye protector and/or a face protector.