Abstract: An improved process for the manufacture of monoesters of polyhydroxyalcohols to high yields and high purities.

Abstract: Oils having improved low temperature properties and additives for use therein.

Abstract: A mixture of petroleum waxes improves the low temperature flow properties of oils.

Abstract: There are disclosed fuel compositions containing an additive formed by admixture of (i) at least one ethylene polymer, (ii) the product of the condensation reaction between an aldehyde or ketone or reactive equivalent thereof and at least one compound comprising one or more aromatic moieties having at least one substituent of the formula XR1 and one further substituent R2 wherein X is oxygen of sulfur, R1 is hydrogen or a moiety bearing at least one hydrocarbyl group and R2 represents a hydrocarbyl group and (iii) at least one oil soluble polar nitrogen compound different from the condensation product and having one or more substituents of the formula NR13 where R13 represents a hydrocarbyl group containing 8 to 40 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A class of waxes improves the low temperature flow properties of oils.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I below are useful as additives in oleaginous compositions: ##STR1## wherein B represents an aromatic system, A represents a hydrocarbyl group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or are different and each independently is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group containing 10-40 carbon atoms, provided that one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may represent hydrogen; z is at least 1 and wherein the aromatic system carries at least one substituent group which is an activating group for the ring system or a derivative of an activating group.

Abstract: Compounds of general formula (I) wherein X and Y are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of SO.sub.3 (--), --CO--, --C(O)O(--), --R.sup.4 --C(O)O--, --NR.sup.3 C(O)--, --R.sup.4 O--, --R.sup.4 --C(O)O--, --R.sup.4 -- and --NC(O)--, R.sup.4 being --(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- where m is from 0 to 5 and R.sup.3 is defined below; X.sup.1 and Y.sup.1 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of (a), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 being independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy alkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl groups that contain at least 10 carbon atoms in their main chain, and R.sup.3 being a hydrocarbyl group, each R.sup.

Abstract: A novel compound comprises a chemical compound comprising or including a cyclic ring system such as an aromatic ring system, the compound carrying at least two substituents of the general formula (I) below on the ring system--A--NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 (I)where A is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more hetero atoms and that is straight chain or branched, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and each is independently a hydrocarbyl group containing 9 to 40 carbon atoms, optionally interrupted by one or more hetero atoms, the substituents being the same or different and the compound optionally being in the form of a salt thereof.Such compounds may be used as additives for improving the cold flow properties of crude oil, lubricating oil or fuel oil.

Abstract: There are disclosed middle distillate fuel oil compositions containing an additive being a copolymer of Mn 200-50,000 having a polymethylene backbone which may be O or N substituted and having nitrate, peroxide, nitrite or nitrosocarbonate side chains.

Abstract: Sugars and partly protected sugar derivatives are chlorinated by reaction of unprotected hydroxyl groups with thionyl chloride to form a persulphite followed by decomposition of the sulphite groups to form chlorosulphites, displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms at one or more positions, characterised in that formation and displacement of the chlorosulphite groups and insertion of chlorine atoms is effected by reaction with thionyl chloride in an inert solvent in the presence of a quaternary salt of the general formula:N.sup.+ R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 Cl.sup.- (I)wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, which may be the same or different, each represent a lower alkyl group, and R.sup.

Abstract: A sweetener concentrate containing sucralose and having improved thermal stability comprises particles of substantially non-crystalline sucralose dispersed evenly throughout, and adhering to, a water soluble oligosaccharide, the concentrate containing between about 20% and 80% sucralose on a dry weight basis. The oligosaccharide is preferably a glucose oligosaccharide such as maltodextrin. The concentrate can be prepared by forming a co-solution of the sucralose and oligosaccharide in water which is then dried. Other ingredients such as other high intensity sweeteners and flavorings may also be included.

Abstract: Crystalline sucralose having a mean particle size of at most 10 microns, the maximum particle size being no more than twice the mean, exhibits enhanced stability to heat. Preferably the sucralose has a mean particle size of at most 5 microns and a maximum particle size of at most 10 microns. A method of enhancing the thermal stability of crystalline sucralose comprises jet milling the sucralose to reduce the particle size, and render the size distribution such that the maximum size is no more than twice the mean.

Abstract: Sucralose (4-chloro-4-deoxy-.alpha.-D-galactopyranosyl 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-D-fructofuranoside) is thermally stabilized by co-crystallization with a nitrogenous base, for example niacinamide or an amino acid.

Abstract: A power supply circuit containing a transformer which is used in a spray-drenched environment, for example, near a bathing pool or food processing plant, is cooled by heat exchange with circulating liquid. An electrolysis apparatus producing in situ chlorine for a pool has a passage through which pool water is pumped. A metal sleeve surrounds the passage and contacts a transformer and rectifier, all of which are surrounded by cast, insulating resin.

Abstract: In ultrasonic echo testing to detect flaws in manufactured articles, raw materials and such it is desirable to maintain a predetermined spacing and relative orientation of the ultrasonic transducer and the surface of the tested article. Thus, automatic scanning of the article by repetitively translating the transducer across its surface is difficult or impossible if the article surface is anything other than flat. Herein, a plurality of satellite transducers are mounted with and around a primary transducer on a motor-adjustable articulated transducer head in ultrasonic test equipment so as to receive part of the main beam echo and thereby produce respective distance signals, which signals are used by control apparatus to control the transducer head adjustment motor and thereby regulate the primary transducer position relative to the tested article.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula (I) are potent sweeteners, especially 4,1',6'-tribromo-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose: ##STR1## in which R' represents a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 respectively represent a hydroxy group and a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom and a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.4 represents a chlorine or bromine atom; at least one of R', R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 representing a bromine atom.

Abstract: 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose is prepared by a process including the steps of:(a) isomerizing 2,3,4,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose to 2,3,6,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose;(b) chlorinating the isomerized acetate at the 4,1' and 6'-positions; and(c) deacetylating the resulting chlorinated product; the isomerization step (a) being effected by treating a solution of 2,3,4,3',4'-penta-O-acetyl sucrose in an inert solvent with a weak acid at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula (I) are potent sweeteners, especially 4,1',6'-tribromo-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose: ##STR1## in which R' represents a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 respectively represent a hydroxy group and a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom and a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.4 represents a chlorine or bromine atom; at least one of R', R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 representing a bromine atom.