Abstract: A method for depositing a coating includes creating a vacuum within an interior volume of a tubular structure, wherein the tubular structure also includes an internal surface. Gas is supplied to the interior volume of the tubular structure, wherein the gas includes a plasma precursor in the gas phase. The tubular structure is biased relative to ground. Plasma having a density is formed and cyclically positioned along the length of the tubular structure. Positive ions of the plasma precursor gas are generated and are deposited on the internal surface forming a coating on the internal surface, wherein the coating exhibits a water contact angle of greater than 120°.

Abstract: A fluoro-organosiloxane composition, coating and process for depositing the coating. Substituted tetramethylenedisiloxane precursor at a flow rate (QsTMDSO) and perfluorinated propylene oxide precursor at a flow rate (QPFPO) are introduced into a process chamber at a flow rate ratio (QsTMDSO/QPFPO) in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 (g/(hr·sccm)). A pulsed DC voltage is applied to a substrate and a fluoro-organosiloxane coating is deposited on the substrate, wherein the coating exhibits a water contact angle in oil (WCA/O) of greater than 155°.

Abstract: A method for depositing a coating includes creating a vacuum within an interior volume of a tubular structure, wherein the tubular structure also includes an internal surface. Gas is supplied to the interior volume of the tubular structure, wherein the gas includes a plasma precursor in the gas phase. The tubular structure is biased relative to ground. Plasma having a density is formed and cyclically positioned along the length of the tubular structure. Positive ions of the plasma precursor gas are generated and are deposited on the internal surface forming a coating on the internal surface, wherein the coating exhibits a water contact angle of greater than 120°.

Abstract: A method for depositing a coating includes creating a vacuum within an interior volume of a tubular structure, wherein the tubular structure also includes an internal surface. Gas is supplied to the interior volume of the tubular structure, wherein the gas includes a plasma precursor in the gas phase. The tubular structure is biased relative to ground. Plasma having a density is formed and cyclically positioned along the length of the tubular structure. Positive ions of the plasma precursor gas are generated and are deposited on the internal surface forming a coating on the internal surface, wherein the coating exhibits a water contact angle of greater than 120°.

Abstract: A method for depositing a coating includes creating a vacuum within an interior volume of a tubular structure, wherein the tubular structure also includes an internal surface. Gas is supplied to the interior volume of the tubular structure, wherein the gas includes a plasma precursor in the gas phase. The tubular structure is biased relative to ground. Plasma having a density is formed and cyclically positioned along the length of the tubular structure. Positive ions of the plasma precursor gas are generated and are deposited on the internal surface forming a coating on the internal surface, wherein the coating exhibits a water contact angle of greater than 120°.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for making and using two measurements to correct metered flow rate values when liquids are present in a multiphase flow stream. The apparatus includes a conduit (10), an orifice (12) positioned within the conduit for creating differential pressure, a gamma ray densitometer including a radient energy source (22) and a radient energy detector (26) placed at an upstream side of the orifice for measuring upstream cross-sectional area and a pressure recovery port (34) placed downstream of the orifice for measuring the pressure recovery value.

Abstract: The watercut of fluid in a mulitphase flow is measured. Microwave energy in the 10 Ghz range is transmitted through a test call having flow passing therein through a known geometry. Attenuation and phase shift of the microwave energy is measured and used to derive the wave number of the microwaves in the unknown fluid. The water fraction of the unknown fluid is then determined from the wave number and the known geometry of the test all using Hannai's equation.

Abstract: The gas fraction and the slip velocity are proportional to the difference in dielectric readings taken in a vertically upward flowing stream of oil/water/gas and in a vertically downwardly flowing stream of the same mixture. Actual water cuts are obtained by appropriately adjusting the dielectric water cut readings.

Abstract: A great many small volume samples are taken, at a high rate of frequency, from a multi-phase fluid stream to determine the respective oil, water and gas fractions. Rapid fluctuations from an all liquid curve will indicate the presence of gas in the fluid.

Abstract: A waveguide and pressure barrier for use with devices for measuring fluid parameters of fluids passing in a pipe under high temperature and pressure conditions and utilizing microwave energy for making the measurements, the device including a pair of substantially identical members adapted to be mounted in spaced opposition on the pipe. Each member has an axial bore with a transverse bore for receiving a microwave antenna. The axial bore is substantially filled with a ceramic glass material providing the pressure and temperature barrier.

Abstract: The means and method of the present invention includes a source of microwave energy and associated elements which provide microwave energy to a petroleum stream. Other circuitry include elements which receive microwave energy from the petroleum stream. Electronic apparatus provides at least one outputs utilizing the provided microwave energy, the received microwave energy and known values for 100 percent oil, 100 percent gas and 100 percent water, corresponding to a ratio of gas to liquid. From the readings of attenuation and phase shift, an estimate of the proportions in the mix is extracted by interpolation.

Abstract: The gas flow rate and liquid flow rate of a two phase fluid flow are determined by passing the fluid flow down an inclined pipe to stratify the flow. The fluid pressure, temperature and density are measured along with the liquid density. The differential pressure is measured to determine the dynamic head of the fluid. These measurements are used together to determine the gas flow rate and the liquid flow rate.

Abstract: A system determines the relative amounts of phases in multiphase flow, typically the liquid (or gas) fraction of a stream in two-phase flow. More particularly, the system quickly and reliably determines the liquid (or gas) fraction of a flowing two-phase stream, such as a process stream commonly found in chemical processing or in petroleum production operations. The system yields accurate results regardless of the exact flow regime under which the two-phase stream is flowing.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for ascertaining the relative amount of two or more phases present in a multiphase flow, such as produced petroleum, through a pipe. Multiphase flow is temporarily diverted into a test section. Normal flow is then restored with fluids trapped in the test pipe. One or more floats of proper densities inside the test pipe are allowed to float to and stabilize at positions representative of the phase interfaces. An electromagnetic, radioactive, acoustic, or other sensor is used from outside the test pipe to locate the interfaces as indicated by the position of the floats. The relative amount of the various phases is then calculated. In an alternative embodiment, the velocity of a piston located inside the test section is also measured to give the total flow rate of the multiphase flow. The total volumetric flow rate, along with the relative phase amounts gives the absolute volumetric phase flow rates.

Abstract: A multiphase petroleum stream pipeline analyzer including a defoaming device connected to an upstream section of the pipeline which reduces foam in the petroleum stream. Apparatus stratifies the petroleum stream after defoaming by causing the stream to flow down a decline at a predetermined angle to the horizontal. A device traps gas released during stratification and provides the gas to an accumulator. Liquid exits from the trap device and is allowed to re-enter the downstream section of the pipeline. The accumulator also accumulates gas from the defoaming operation and the stratification. The gas is allowed to exit from the accumulator to the downstream section of the pipeline so as to recombine the petroleum stream. A plurality of sensors monitor liquid and gas in the trap, and exit from the trap and the accumulator for various conditions of the liquid and the gas and provides corresponding signals. A water cut monitor provides a signal corresponding to the water cut of the liquid.

Abstract: The conductance meter includes source means which irradiates a fluid with microwave energy. A receiver receives microwave energy that has passed through the fluid and provides the received microwave energy as test microwave energy. Electronic apparatus determines the conductance of the fluid in accordance with the amplitude of the test microwave energy and the phase difference between the microwave energy from the source and the test microwave energy from the receiver where only 1 microwave frequency is used.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving mixing of fluids has at least two static mixing stages connected in series with a bypass valve connected in parallel across each but the last of the mixing units. The capacity of each downstream mixing unit should be such that its minimum flow requirements overlap the opening point for the check valve of the preceding mixing unit. Pressure drops exceeding predetermined limits cause the bypass valves to open allowing fluid flow therethrough thereby preventing further pressure drop through the mixing unit.

Abstract: A system and method for obtaining a rapid determination of the volumetric flow rate of a multi-phase fluid stream comprised of crude oil, water and gas. The gaseous component of the stream is first segregated to allow a measurement of the volumetric relationship between the respective liquid phases. Thereafter, the density of the remaining liquids is made. Translation of the values obtained by such measurements permits the system to function at a remote source of the multi-phase fluid.

Abstract: A dual frequency microwave water cut monitor includes a microwave source which provides microwave energies at two different frequencies to a circulator which in turn provides the microwave energies to an antenna. The antenna provides the microwave energies to a petroleum stream and also receives reflected microwave energy back from the stream. The reflected microwave energy is provided by the antenna to the circulator which in turn provides the reflected microwave energies as test microwave energies. A detector assembly connected to the circulator detects the intensities of the test microwave energies and provides a corresponding intensity signal. Indicator apparatus connected to the circulator to the microwave source and to the detector assembly provides an indication of the water cut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the intensity signal and the phase difference between one of the source provided microwave energies and its corresponding test microwave energy.

Abstract: A petroleum stream microwave water cut monitor includes test cell means which contains a reference petroleum multiphase fluid sample and which has a sample stream of a petroleum stream passing through it. The test cell is maintained at a predetermined temperature. A source provides microwave energy to one of a first pair of antennae which provides the petroleum stream flowing in the test cell or the reference sample in the test cell with microwave energy. One of a second pair of antennae receives the microwave energy that has passed through either the petroleum stream or the reference sample. A detector detects the received microwave energy and provides a signal corresponding thereto. An indicator provides an indication of the water cut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the received signal power and a phase difference between the source provided microwave energy and the received microwave energy.