Abstract: A system and method for producing hydrogen, including steam reforming elemental sulfur to generate hydrogen gas and sulfur dioxide, to give a mixture including hydrogen gas, sulfur dioxide, elemental sulfur gas, and water vapor, removing the elemental sulfur gas to give a process gas including the hydrogen gas, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor, and isolating the hydrogen gas or a hydrogen gas rich stream.

Abstract: A system and method for producing hydrogen, including converting sulfur vapor and oxygen gas in a first zone of furnace into sulfur monoxide, injecting water into a second zone of the furnace, converting the sulfur monoxide and the water in the second zone into hydrogen gas and sulfur dioxide, discharging furnace exhaust gas (including the hydrogen gas) from the furnace, condensing sulfur vapor in the furnace exhaust gas into liquid sulfur in a condenser (heat exchanger) downstream of the furnace, and discharging the liquid sulfur from the condenser to a vessel.

Abstract: A method for regenerating carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from acid gas using a catalyst containing a group 2 element is provided. The method reduces the energy required for the regeneration process and allows for an efficient and cost-effective way to regenerate acid gas.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to demulsifying polymers of Formula (I): demulsifier compositions containing the compound of Formula (I), and methods of using the polymers and compositions for separating water-in-oil emulsions.

Abstract: A gas oil separation plant (GOSP) and method for receiving crude oil from a wellhead and removing gas, water, and salt from the crude oil, and discharging export crude oil. The GOSP includes online analyzer instruments for performing online analysis of salt concentration in multiple streams in the GOSP. Based in part on the online analysis, the salt content in the export crude oil may be determined and the flowrate for wash water supplied to the desalter vessel may be specified.

Abstract: Processes for producing olefins may include electrolyzing an aqueous solution comprising metal chloride, where electrolyzing the aqueous solution causes at least a portion of the metal chloride to undergo chemical reaction to produce a treatment composition comprising hypochlorite. The processes may further include contacting at least a portion of the treatment composition with the sour water at a pH from 8 to 12, where the sour water comprises sulfides and the contacting causes reaction of the sulfides in the sour water with the hypochlorite to produce a treated aqueous mixture comprising at least metal sulfates and metal chlorides, where the metal sulfates are present in the treated aqueous mixture as precipitated solids. The processes may further include separating the precipitated solids from the treated aqueous mixture to produce a treated effluent comprising at least the metal chloride.

Abstract: A gas oil separation plant (GOSP) and method for receiving crude oil from a wellhead and removing gas, water, and salt from the crude oil, and discharging export crude oil. The GOSP includes online analyzer instruments for performing online analysis of salt concentration in multiple streams in the GOSP. Based in part on the online analysis, the salt content in the export crude oil may be determined and the flowrate for wash water supplied to the desalter vessel may be specified.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to demulsifier compositions containing one or more demulsifying polymers and an alkyl carboxylic acid solvent, and methods of using the compositions for separating water-in-oil emulsions.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to demulsifying polymers of Formula (I): demulsifier compositions containing the compound of Formula (I), and methods of using the polymers and compositions for separating water-in-oil emulsions.

Abstract: Processes for producing olefins may include electrolyzing an aqueous solution comprising metal chloride, where electrolyzing the aqueous solution causes at least a portion of the metal chloride to undergo chemical reaction to produce a treatment composition comprising hypochlorite. The processes may further include contacting at least a portion of the treatment composition with the sour water at a pH from 8 to 12, where the sour water comprises sulfides and the contacting causes reaction of the sulfides in the sour water with the hypochlorite to produce a treated aqueous mixture comprising at least metal sulfates and metal chlorides, where the metal sulfates are present in the treated aqueous mixture as precipitated solids. The processes may further include separating the precipitated solids from the treated aqueous mixture to produce a treated effluent comprising at least the metal chloride.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a Polymer Thermal Expansion Based Passive Thermal Diode (PTE-PTD) that includes layers and is configured to provide passive heating and cooling of a pipeline. A polyurethane (PU) layer is provided that is configured to contact at least an upper portion along a length of a pipe. A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer is provided that is configured to surround the PU layer and the length of the pipe. A graphene layer is provided that is configured to surround an epoxy layer. An epoxy shell is provided that is configured to surround the graphene layer. An air gap on a first side of the PTE-PTD is provided. The air gap is formed by a void in the PET layer and is configured to provide additional air space between the PET layer and the PU layer. The air gap provides an upward movement of the PET layer using opposite forces of alternate sides of the PET layer. The PTE-PTD is installed on the pipeline.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and systems for treating a tail gas of a Claus process to remove sulfur-containing compounds. The method includes combusting a tail gas of a Claus process in an excess of oxygen gas to yield a thermal oxidizer effluent. The thermal oxidizer effluent includes sulfur dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen. The effluent is routed to a quench tower and contacted with a dilute aqueous acid quench stream to yield sulfurous acid, hydrated sulfur dioxide, or both. The sulfurous acid or hydrated sulfur dioxide is oxidized with the excess oxygen from the thermal oxidizer effluent to yield sulfuric acid.

Abstract: Processes for producing olefins may include electrolyzing an aqueous solution comprising metal chloride, where electrolyzing the aqueous solution causes at least a portion of the metal chloride to undergo chemical reaction to produce a treatment composition comprising hypochlorite. The processes may further include contacting at least a portion of the treatment composition with the sour water at a pH from 8 to 12, where the sour water comprises sulfides and the contacting causes reaction of the sulfides in the sour water with the hypochlorite to produce a treated aqueous mixture comprising at least metal sulfates and metal chlorides, where the metal sulfates are present in the treated aqueous mixture as precipitated solids. The processes may further include separating the precipitated solids from the treated aqueous mixture to produce a treated effluent comprising at least the metal chloride.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes controlling water separation in a hydrocarbon stream flowing through a separator train including one or more separator vessels located upstream of a dehydrator by manipulating a demulsifier flowrate added to the separator train by: receiving data from a real-time process test of the separation train, estimating model fit parameters to the data to generate a water separation profile (WSP) correlating water draw-off and demulsifier flowrate for the separation train, determining a maximum and a minimum demulsifier flowrate from the WSP, receiving, from an operator, a separation performance for a target water separation value entering the dehydrator downstream from the separator train, and adjusting the demulsifier flowrate according to the WSP to achieve the target water separation entering the dehydrator.

Abstract: Systems and methods include a system for installing insulation sleeves on pipelines. A portable welding robot is configured to weld a plug base longitudinally along a top edge of a pipeline. The plug base supports plugs configured to engage with holes in both overlapping sides of an insulation sleeve configured to insulate the pipeline. A portable pipeline insulation installation fixture is configured to lift the insulation sleeve and install the insulation sleeve around the pipeline including using electric hoists to lift ends of strands beneath and on either side of the pipeline. Each strand is enclosed in an external tube configured to contact and roll along the insulation sleeve and to rotate relative to the strand. The external tubes are configured to wrap the insulation sleeve around the pipeline.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a method for providing a Shape Memory Polymer Based Passive Thermal Diode (SMP-PTD) that includes layers and is configured to provide passive heating and cooling of a pipeline. The SMP-PTD includes a polyurethane (PU) layer configured to contact at least an upper portion along a length of a pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer configured to surround the PU layer and the length of the pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes a graphene layer configured to surround an upper side of the SMP-PTD and cross layers of the SMP-PTD toward a bottom side of the SMP-PTD to establish contact with the pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes an epoxy shell configured to surround the graphene layer. The SMP-PTD further includes a shape memory polymer (SMP) ring configured to provide vertical displacement and push upward upon lateral displacement from pushing by left and right PET blocks. The SMP-PTD is installed on the pipeline.

Abstract: Systems and methods include a system for installing insulation sleeves on pipelines. A portable welding robot is configured to weld a plug base longitudinally along a top edge of a pipeline. The plug base supports plugs configured to engage with holes in both overlapping sides of an insulation sleeve configured to insulate the pipeline. A portable pipeline insulation installation fixture is configured to lift the insulation sleeve and install the insulation sleeve around the pipeline including using electric hoists to lift ends of strands beneath and on either side of the pipeline. Each strand is enclosed in an external tube configured to contact and roll along the insulation sleeve and to rotate relative to the strand. The external tubes are configured to wrap the insulation sleeve around the pipeline.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a method for providing a Shape Memory Polymer Based Passive Thermal Diode (SMP-PTD) that includes layers and is configured to provide passive heating and cooling of a pipeline. The SMP-PTD includes a polyurethane (PU) layer configured to contact at least an upper portion along a length of a pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer configured to surround the PU layer and the length of the pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes a graphene layer configured to surround an upper side of the SMP-PTD and cross layers of the SMP-PTD toward a bottom side of the SMP-PTD to establish contact with the pipe. The SMP-PTD further includes an epoxy shell configured to surround the graphene layer. The SMP-PTD further includes a shape memory polymer (SMP) ring configured to provide vertical displacement and push upward upon lateral displacement from pushing by left and right PET blocks. The SMP-PTD is installed on the pipeline.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a Polymer Thermal Expansion Based Passive Thermal Diode (PTE-PTD) that includes layers and is configured to provide passive heating and cooling of a pipeline. A polyurethane (PU) layer is provided that is configured to contact at least an upper portion along a length of a pipe. A polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer is provided that is configured to surround the PU layer and the length of the pipe. A graphene layer is provided that is configured to surround an epoxy layer. An epoxy shell is provided that is configured to surround the graphene layer. An air gap on a first side of the PTE-PTD is provided. The air gap is formed by a void in the PET layer and is configured to provide additional air space between the PET layer and the PU layer. The air gap provides an upward movement of the PET layer using opposite forces of alternate sides of the PET layer. The PTE-PTD is installed on the pipeline.

Abstract: A process for treating sour water includes combining the sour water with an alkali or alkaline metal hydroxide to produce a sour water mixture, the sour water comprising sulfides, passing an electric current through the sour water mixture, where passing the electric current through the sour water mixture causes at least a portion of the sulfides to react to produce a treated sour water comprising sulfates and having a pH of 7.1 to 9.8, saturating the at least a portion of the sulfates in an aqueous sulfate solution, and separating at least a portion of saturated sulfates from a saturated aqueous sulfate solution.