Abstract: A detector (100) comprises an upstream ionization chamber (110), a downstream detector chamber (120) and a signal processor (160). The ionization chamber (110) comprises a first electrode (111), a second electrode (112) and an ionization chamber gas (114). The detector chamber (120) comprises a converter unit (130) adapted to convert incident radiation (6) into electrons (8), an electron amplification device (140) adapted to produce further electrons (9) from the electrons (8), a read-out device (150) adapted to generate a signal representative of the incident radiation (6) and a detector chamber gas (121). The signal processor (160) is adapted to generate a corrected signal by processing the signal representative of the incident radiation (6) based on a current signal representative of an ionization current measured between the first electrode (111) and the second electrode (112) and induced by the incident radiation (6).

Abstract: A patient monitoring system comprises a threshold determining unit configured to determine a cut-off threshold value based on a signal representing a reflection response of a skin of a patient and a signal representing a reflection response of a patient covering object. The patient monitoring system also comprises a signal processing unit configured to process a reflection signal, representing a detected wave reflected from at least a portion of the patient, based on the cut-off threshold value to cut off a portion of the reflection signal corresponding to detected wave reflected from the patient covering object to get a processed reflection signal corresponding to detected wave reflected from the surface of the patient.

Abstract: A converter unit configured to convert incident photons into electrons comprises multiple blind holes forming respective ionization chambers. The converter unit is preferably arranged in a detector, such as X-ray detector or absolute radiation dose measurement detector, additionally comprising an electron amplification device and/or a readout device.

Abstract: A converter unit configured to convert incident photons into electrons comprises multiple blind holes forming respective ionization chambers. The converter unit is preferably arranged in a detector, such as X-ray detector or absolute radiation dose measurement detector, additionally comprising an electron amplification device and/or a readout device.

Abstract: A converter unit configured to convert incident photons into electrons comprises multiple blind holes forming respective ionization chambers. In additional embodiments, the converter unit is arranged in a detector, such as an X-ray detector or absolute radiation dose measurement detector, additionally comprising an electron amplification device and/or a readout device.

Abstract: A converter unit configured to convert incident photons into electrons comprises multiple blind holes forming respective ionization chambers. In additional embodiments, the converter unit is arranged in a detector, such as an X-ray detector or absolute radiation dose measurement detector, additionally comprising an electron amplification device and/or a readout device.

Abstract: A process for the production of ferro alloys containing manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and small amounts of carbon is provided. To a converter having a previous product melt and a slag rich in oxides of chromium or manganese is added a reducing agent having an excess of silicon or aluminum. Fluid is injected into the melt to create intensive agitation of the melt, slag and reducing agent, whereby the oxides in the slag are reduced. Lime is added to fix the resulting silicoc acid or aluminum oxide, and the slag with reduced chromium or manganese content is removed from the converter. Injection into the melt of a pulverulent oxide concentrate of chromium or manganese is continued, with additional lime, until the excess of silicon or aluminum in the melt, supplied by the reducing agent, reduces the injected oxide concentrate and the chromium and manganese are oxidized and go into the slag. The resulting product is partially tapped from the converter and the process is repeated.

Abstract: A metallurgical furnace vessel is provided with means for injecting fluid into a melt in a vessel, the fluid carrying materials reactive with the melt and incidentally causing rapid erosion of the vessel's wall portion above the location where the fluid is injected. This wall portion is provided with cooling means and is made so that it can be removed for repair or replacement.

Abstract: A metallurgical furnace has a wall contacted by molten metal and having a nozzle opening below the level of the metal, a nozzle positioned in this opening forms a passage for injecting a blast into the metal, and this nozzle has means for liquid-cooling the outer end of its blast passage to freeze the molten metal when flowing backwardly through the nozzle's passage in the event of a blast failure. In such an event, the frozen or solidified metal forms a stopper for the nozzle's passage.

Abstract: A method of treating molten metal in a converter having an induction heater the heating space of which opens into the lowermost portion of the converter compartment comprises injecting a mixture of a solid treating material in powder form with a carrier gas through a sidewall of the converter at a level only slightly above the bottom wall of the converter compartment. A tuyere through which the gas-powder mixture is injected is directed slightly downward and toward the region where the heating space of the induction heater opens into the converter compartment.

Abstract: A process is provided for directly reducing a metal oxide to metal in a molten metal which comprises providing a body of molten metal in a converter provided with means for introducing molten metal and means for introducing metal oxide into the body of the molten metal by introducing molten metal therein, introducing said metal oxide as a powder suspended in a carrier gas, separately from said molten metal, into the body of the molten metal such that the molten metal introduced is hotter than the suspended powder and is distributed by said suspension to other parts of the mass of molten metal where the reduction can take place at the desired temperature.

Abstract: Apparatus suitable for injecting fluids, particularly suspensions of solids in gases, below the surface of a molten metal, e.g. in emulsion metallurgy, comprises a converter having a tuyere for injecting the fluid below the surface of the molten metal, and a heating zone, spaced away from the converter but in liquid communication with the converter at a level below the surface of the molten metal, the heating zone having a thinner lining than the converter and being heated by electric induction heating so that a temperature gradient can be set up between the heating zone and the converter to maintain the temperature of the molten metal in the converter. The converter is dimensioned such that it can be tilted to a position where it can still contain the whole volume of molten metal to be treated but the openings of the channel and of the tuyere are exposed above the surface of the molten metal in the tilted position.