Abstract: An anchoring of outdoor traffic areas provided with cobblestones or paving stones made of a plastic or natural stone material is cited, in which the stones are laid in a bed of sand and/or grit. The anchoring method provides for the stones to be further supported by an extensive supporting structure provided with openings and laid on top of the bed.

Abstract: There is provided an artificial stone for strengthening traffic surfaces in the open, in which the stone, in order to provide wide grooves between adjacently laid stones, is provided on its edge surfaces with integrally formed, completely identical spacer elements, the contacting free end surfaces of the spacer elements having, adjacent one another, a tooth and a recessed contact surface for the tooth of the adjacently laid stone; the tooth-recess sequence, in one peripheral direction of the stone, being the same for all spacer elements; the effective length of the individual edge surfaces of a stone, parallel to the laying plane, being the same as, or a whole-number multiple of, a smallest effective length; each edge surface segment which has the smallest effective length being provided with a spacer element; and the central axes of all spacer elements lying in the middle of the corresponding edge surface segment.

Abstract: A paving element for the water-permeable reinforcement of surfaces, said paving element comprising a top surface, a bottom surface and a plurality of sides. One or more of the sides have vertical recesses extending from the top surface of the paving element to the bottom surface. The recesses are disposed asymmetrically about the mid points of the sides such that recesses of the adjacent sides of neighboring elements are offset from one another when the neighboring elements are laid in alignment, thereby avoiding alignment of the recesses. Alternatively, an offset of the recesses on neighboring stones is achieved by laying the elements in a displaced or staggered manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive slip control system in which the driven wheels are braked when spinning. Desired braking torques for the driven wheels are calculated using the actual speeds of the driven wheels and the desired speeds of the driven wheels. A first controller generates a first braking torque value MB1 using the difference .omega..sub.D in the actual speeds and the difference .omega.*.sub.D in the desired speeds. A second controller generates a second braking torque value MB2 using the sum .omega..sub.s of the actual speeds and the sum .omega.*.sub.s of the desired speeds. Both controllers have an integral component and a proportional component. The desired left braking torque MB.sub.L is calculated using the sum MB1+MB2. The desired right braking torque MB.sub.R is calculated using the difference MB2-MB1. The desired torques are then converted to control times for the brake pressure control valves.

Abstract: Modular interlocking paving elements of uniform configuration are provided each in the form of a substantially right angular body bounded peripherally by two outer sides meeting at an outer angle apex, two inner sides meeting at an inner angle apex and two front sides each extending between respective ends of an inner side and an outer side, with dummy joint gaps formed in and extending across the top side of the body each from the inner angle apex to a midpoint of one of the outer sides. The inner sides, front sides, half sections of outer sides and dummy gaps are of substantially the same length, and each has longitudinal portions thereof projecting outside and/or recessed inside a straight base line between the ends thereof, so that the top side of each element appears to be composed of three four-sided elemental units disposed side by side and two or more of the elements will interlock laterally yet present the same surface appearance in any of a variety of side-by-side orientations.

Abstract: A method of producing a ground covering from individual paving stones by arranging a group of individual paving stones in the form of a section of the ground covering to be produced, grasping the group by means of a lateral compressive force from two opposed sides leaving out the lower range of the paving stones in laid condition, hoisting and moving the group thus grasped to the place of laying, and depositing the group there. The vertical distribution of the compressive force is so selected that it is greater in the lower range of grasp than in the upper range of grasp.An apparatus for carrying out this method includes a laying vehicle which carries a gripping tongs, the gripping faces of which are movable at least vertically by a means of the laying vehicle and are formed by linings diverging from the bottom to the top.

Abstract: A ground covering slab is subdivided into neighboring preformed individual stones interconnected along rupture zones of which at least parts extend non-rectilinearly from one edge of the slab to the opposite edge of the slab as seen in plan view and the preformed individual stones are of at least two kinds differing in size distributed throughout the slab.

Abstract: Apparatus for taking paving elements from a store of such elements, moving them over a placing position and placing them successively onto the subsoil. In one preferred form the apparatus comprises a fork-lift truck having a mast, a jib carried by that mast, swivel means permitting the jib to be swivelled about an upright swivelling axis, a trolley adapted to run along the jib, elevator means for raising and lowering the load carrier, and the arrangement being such that the load carrier can take the paving elements from the store irrespective of the swivelling position of the jib. In a second preferred form the arrangement is such that the load carrier having a plurality of suction apertures to engage respective paving elements can take the paving elements as they have passed an aligning device for a simultaneous alignment of a plurality of roughly aligned paving elements.

Abstract: A slab element for covering the ground is made e.g. of concrete and forms as a single piece. It has a head portion and a stem portion meeting at a notional meeting surface.