Abstract: Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Abstract: Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one compounds of the Formula (I) and (II) and to compounds of Formula (II) as such. The present compounds of Formula (II) can be used as intermediates in the preparation of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives of the General Formula (II), said derivatives being described in WO 2005/054215. These compounds of General Formula (II) are described in WO 2005/054215 to act as immunosuppressive agents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one compounds of the Formula (I) and (II) and to compounds of Formula (II) as such. The present compounds of Formula (II) can be used as intermediates in the preparation of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives of the General Formula (II), said derivatives being described in WO 2005/054215. These compounds of General Formula (II) are described in WO 2005/054215 to act as immunosuppressive agents.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine having a common rail system together with individual accumulators. A rotational speed-control deviation (dn) is determined from a target rotational speed (nSL) that represents the set point for an outer control loop to control the rotational speed, as well as from an actual rotational speed (nIST). A target torque (MSL) is determined from the rotational speed-control deviation (dn) via a rotational speed controller as a master controller. A target injection duration (SD(SOLL)) is determined from the target torque (MSL). The target duration injection (SD(SOLL)) represents the set point for an inner control loop for controlling cylinder-specific injection duration. An injection duration deviation is determined from the target injection duration (SD(SOLL)) and from an actual injection duration.

Abstract: For an internal combustion engine with a common rail system including individual accumulators, a process for open- and closed-loop control is proposed, in which the individual accumulator pressure (pE) is detected within a measuring interval and stored, an absolute minimum value of the stored individual accumulator pressure (pE) is interpreted as the end of the main injection, and on the basis of the end of the main injection, a mathematical function is used to calculate a virtual starting time for the main injection. In the measuring interval after the end of the main injection, the individual accumulator pressure (pE) is filtered within a time window, a local minimum value of the filtered individual accumulator pressure is interpreted as the end of a post-injection, and a mathematical function is used to calculate a virtual start of the post-injection.

Abstract: Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Abstract: For an internal combustion engine with a common rail system including individual accumulators, a process for open- and closed-loop control is proposed, in which the individual accumulator pressure (pE) is detected within a measuring interval and stored, an absolute minimum value of the stored individual accumulator pressure (pE) is interpreted as the end of the main injection, and on the basis of the end of the main injection, a mathematical function is used to calculate a virtual starting time for the main injection. In the measuring interval after the end of the main injection, the individual accumulator pressure (pE) is filtered within a time window, a local minimum value of the filtered individual accumulator pressure is interpreted as the end of a post-injection, and a mathematical function is used to calculate a virtual start of the post-injection.

Abstract: Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Abstract: A method for detecting a preinjection in an internal combustion engine with a common-rail system, including individual accumulators, in which an individual accumulator pressure distribution is detected in a measurement interval and is used to determine an injection end of the main injection, in which a virtual injection start of the main injection is computed by a mathematical function as a function of the injection end, and in which the virtual injection start is set as the actual injection start of the main injection. With the preinjection activated, an actual injection delay for the main injection is determined as a function of the actual injection start, an injection delay deviation of a set injection delay from the actual injection delay is computed, and the injection delay deviation is used to determine whether a preinjection has occurred.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine having a common rail system together with individual accumulators. A rotational speed-control deviation (dn) is determined from a target rotational speed (nSL) that represents the set point for an outer control loop to control the rotational speed, as well as from an actual rotational speed (nIST). A target torque (MSL) is determined from the rotational speed-control deviation (dn) via a rotational speed controller as a master controller. A target injection duration (SD(SOLL)) is determined from the target torque (MSL). The target duration injection (SD(SOLL)) represents the set point for an inner control loop for controlling cylinder-specific injection duration. An injection duration deviation is determined from the target injection duration (SD(SOLL)) and from an actual injection duration.

Abstract: A method for controlling an internal combustion engine with a common-rail system, in which a fuel quantity is computed from a measured fuel pressure distribution and in which the computed fuel quantity is set as the controlling value for controlling an injection. The fuel quantity is computed by measuring the pressure distribution (pE) of an individual accumulator, reproducing a modeled pressure distribution (pEMOD) according to the measured pressure distribution (pE) using a hydraulic model, and computing the fuel quantity from the hydraulic model.

Abstract: A method for detecting a preinjection in an internal combustion engine with a common-rail system, including individual accumulators, in which an individual accumulator pressure distribution is detected in a measurement interval and is used to determine an injection end of the main injection, in which a virtual injection start of the main injection is computed by a mathematical function as a function of the injection end, and in which the virtual injection start is set as the actual injection start of the main injection. With the preinjection activated, an actual injection delay for the main injection is determined as a function of the actual injection start, an injection delay deviation of a set injection delay from the actual injection delay is computed, and the injection delay deviation is used to determine whether a preinjection has occurred.

Abstract: The present invention relates to alternative processes for the preparation of 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine derivatives of formula (I) Particularly, the present invention relates to alternative processes for the synthesis of levetiracetam, brivaracetam and seletracetam.

Abstract: In a method of controlling an internal combustion engine having a common rail fuel injection system including individual fuel storage chambers, wherein the pressure pattern of the fuel supplied to each injector can be determined and actual and virtual fuel injection ends and fuel injection begins are determined, the deviations from the desired fuel injection ends and from the fuel injection begins are calculated and the injectors are evaluated on the basis of the deviations and further control of the internal combustion engine is based on an evaluation of the fuel injectors.

Abstract: In a method of controlling an internal combustion engine with a common rail fuel injection system including individual fuel storage chambers for the supply of fuel to the various cylinders of the internal combustion engine, a fuel pressure (pE(i)) is determined during a measuring interval (MESS) and is stored, the existence of a significant change in the fuel pressure is determined as an injection begin (SB=f(pE(i), Phi)) or an injection end (SE=f(pE(i)), Phi), a virtual injection begin is calculated by way of a mathematical function (FKT) depending on the injection end (SE), and the virtual injection begin (SBv) is used as the actual injection begin (SB) for the subsequent control of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In a method of controlling an internal combustion engine having a common rail fuel injection system including individual fuel storage chambers, wherein the pressure pattern of the fuel supplied to each injector can be determined and actual and virtual fuel injection ends and fuel injection begins are determined, the deviations from the desired fuel injection ends and from the fuel injection begins are calculated and the injectors are evaluated on the basis of the deviations and further control of the internal combustion engine is based on an evaluation of the fuel injectors.

Abstract: In a method of controlling an internal combustion engine with a common rail fuel injection system including individual fuel storage chambers for the supply of fuel to the various cylinders of the internal combustion engine, a fuel pressure (pE(i)) is determined during a measuring interval (MESS) and is stored, the existence of a significant change in the fuel pressure is determined as an injection begin (SB=f(pE(i), Phi)) or an injection end (SE=f(pE(i)), Phi), a virtual injection begin is calculated by way of a mathematical function (FKT) depending on the injection end (SE), and the virtual injection begin (SBv) is used as the actual injection begin (SB) for the subsequent control of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Methods and intermediates for synthesizing triethylenetetramine and salts thereof, as well as novel triethylenetetramine salts and their crystal structure, and triethylenetetramine salts of high purity.

Abstract: The present invention describes a composite molding comprising at least one polyarylene sulfide and at least one single- or multicomponent silicone rubber. The present invention further describes a process for the production of a composite molding, where molding is carried out in a single-stage process. The present invention finally describes the use of a composite molding as a housing, such as pump housings or resonators.