Abstract: Materials and methods for producing tactile anatomical structures are described. These are intended primarily for use for high-value, in-depth surgical training for novice or expert surgeons. They may also be used for medical education, sales demonstrations, or for research and development. Examples of embodiments refer to their use in knee and shoulder models. The tactile tissue-simulating structures include, amongst others: skin, fat, muscles, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, bursa, fat pad, and periosteum. A method for creating a musculotendinous junction is also described.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to synthetic bones used in bone-related human and animal education, product demonstration, product development, surgical technique discussions, anatomical demonstrations and biomechanical research. The synthetic bones consisting of cortical an cancellous bones containing a plastic casting resin, a pore inducing additive and a hardness-altering additive.