Abstract: The invention provides a method of electrochemical detection of clozapine in a whole blood sample or plasma sample, e.g., capillary sample, using an electrochemical microsensor comprising an array of working microelectrodes, i.e., bare and coated; by application of voltammetry and measurement of current as the electrochemical signal, a data set consisting of plurality of electrochemical signals is obtained, to which chemometric methods are applied to quantify clozapine in the sample.

Abstract: An electrochemical microsensor comprising an array of working microelectrodes, the working microelectrodes include: one or more bare microelectrodes; one or more thick film-coated microelectrodes, optionally with conductive additive incorporated into the coating, selected from the group consisting of polysaccharide-coated microelectrodes and platinum black-coated microelectrodes; one or more thin film-coated microelectrodes selected from the group consisting of reduced graphene oxide-coated microelectrode and transition metal chalcogenide-coated microelectrodes; wherein the electrochemical microsensor further comprises a counter electrode and optionally one or more reference microelectrode(s).

Abstract: A lab on a chip device includes a whole blood inlet port and microchannels to transport a whole blood sample or plasma skimmed from the whole blood sample into a detection chamber that includes at least one 3-electrode set of a counter electrode, a working electrode and a reference electrode. The counter electrode, the working electrode and the reference electrode may present bare, unmodified surfaces that are disposed so that clozapine present in the whole blood sample is detected via a reduction-oxidation reaction. Alternatively, the working electrode surface may include catechol grafted to chitosan. A method of detecting analytes and biomarkers includes collecting a whole blood sample, loading the sample into a point-of-care testing (POCT) device that includes at least one working electrode; testing the sample for the occurrence of a redox reaction; and calculating the total oxidative charge when the working electrode is bare or modified as before.

Abstract: A lab on a chip device includes a whole blood inlet port and microchannels to transport a whole blood sample or plasma skimmed from the whole blood sample into a detection chamber that includes at least one 3-electrode set of a counter electrode, a working electrode and a reference electrode. The counter electrode, the working electrode and the reference electrode may present bare, unmodified surfaces that are disposed so that clozapine present in the whole blood sample is detected via a reduction-oxidation reaction. Alternatively, the working electrode surface may include catechol grafted to chitosan. A method of detecting analytes and biomarkers includes collecting a whole blood sample, loading the sample into a point-of-care testing (POCT) device that includes at least one working electrode; testing the sample for the occurrence of a redox reaction; and calculating the total oxidative charge when the working electrode is bare or modified as before.

Abstract: The present invention provides arrays comprising polypeptides associated with viruses that are immobilized to an electrode in a directional orientation such that the surface area of the electrode and the sensitivity of the electrode is increased. The invention also provides for methods of diagnosing and/or prognosing a certain disease or disorder through contacting a sample from a patient with an array comprising the polypeptides associated with viruses.

Abstract: A system for analyzing a liquid is provided. The system comprises: an electrochemical unit having an electrochemical microchamber for receiving a sample of the liquid and electrochemically analyzing the sample; and a microfluidic unit being attached to the electrochemical unit and having microchannels constituted for sampling the sample in situ and feeding the sample to the electrochemical microchamber. Also provided are nucleic acid constructs and cells comprising same for analyte detection.

Abstract: A system for analyzing a liquid is provided. The system comprises: an electrochemical unit having an electrochemical microchamber for receiving a sample of the liquid and electrochemically analyzing the sample; and a microfluidic unit being attached to the electrochemical unit and having microchannels constituted for sampling the sample in situ and feeding the sample to the electrochemical microchamber. Also provided are nucleic acid constructs and cells comprising same for analyte detection.