Abstract: A shock insulated suspension system is provided with unique variable rate rod springs and co-related variable rate friction damping means. Each rod spring includes an elongated solid body of elastomeric material which, when subjected to radially directed compression loads and allowed to deform freely without rotation, produces a non-linear or variable spring rate proportional to the ratio of the areas of its loaded to unloaded surfaces. Rod springs constitute the main suspension spring elements, and additionally may constitute the damping means spring elements, if desired.

Abstract: A mobile vehicle shock insulated suspension system is provided with unique variable rate elastomer springs and co-related variable rate friction damping system.

Abstract: A railcar unit includes a pair of railcars, each having a car body supported by single-axle, forward and rearward trucks which are pivotally mounted to the car bodies. Conventional drawbars couple the car bodies and independent, interconnectable members connect the trucks of the adjacent railcars for rotational and longitudinal relative movement while maintaining the truck axles in parallel alignment.

Abstract: A truck is provided with a torsionally compliant transverse member connecting to transversely spaced side frames. The side frames are suspended on the axles by a spring suspension system of generally cylindrical elastomer elements and a combined damping system. Both springing and damping are generally exponentially variable relative to increases in the load in the railcar. A central pivot pin transfers lateral and longitudinal loads between the truck and the car body without transferring substantial vertical loads. The center pin mounting in the torsionally compliant member is compliant. Vertical loads are transferred between the car body and the truck by omni-directional vertically-incompressible low friction side bearings.