Abstract: A ferroelectric memory device and a semiconductor die are provided. The ferroelectric memory device includes a gate electrode; a channel layer, overlapped with the gate electrode; source/drain contacts, in contact with separate ends of the channel layer; a ferroelectric layer, lying between the gate electrode and the channel layer; and a first insertion layer, extending in between the ferroelectric layer and the channel layer, and comprising a metal carbonitride or a metal nitride.

Abstract: A solar energy collecting and storing system includes a solar energy collecting unit and a heat reservoir. By the thermal energy collector, solar light is absorbed and converted into thermal energy for heating a working fluid contained in the thermal energy collector. Multiple input/output control valves and multiple input/output joints are connected with the heat reservoir for controlling the working fluid to flow into or out of the heat reservoir. If the light exposure is insufficient, the input control valve is closed and the heat reservoir is maintained in a thermally isolated state. For utilizing the thermal energy, the output control valve is opened and thus the thermal energy contained in the working fluid is transferred to the thermal energy application device through the thermal energy output piping line.

Abstract: A piston in a pump reciprocates by using forces of repulsion and attraction for an electromagnetic element toward a magnetic element. So fluid is pumped and guided with the help of several valves at different places in the pump.