Abstract: A biosensor for measuring an electrical response from a biological sample. The biosensor includes a substrate, a passivation layer grown on a surface of the substrate, a patterned catalyst layer deposited on the passivation layer, and three electrodes grown on the patterned catalyst layer. The three electrodes include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a first array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to be an attachment site for the biological sample. The counter electrode includes a second array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to acquire the electrical response from the working electrode. The reference electrode includes a third array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to adjust a specific voltage around the working and the counter electrodes.

Abstract: A biosensor for measuring an electrical response from a biological sample. The biosensor includes a substrate, a passivation layer grown on a surface of the substrate, a patterned catalyst layer deposited on the passivation layer, and three electrodes grown on the patterned catalyst layer. The three electrodes include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a first array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to be an attachment site for the biological sample. The counter electrode includes a second array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to acquire the electrical response from the working electrode. The reference electrode includes a third array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to adjust a specific voltage around the working and the counter electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for detecting effect of an anticancer drug on cancer cells, including: culturing a plurality of cancer cells to form cultured cells, attaching the cultured cells onto an array of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) electrodes, measuring a first electrochemical response of the attached cells onto the array of electrodes, adding an anticancer drug to the attached cells onto the array of electrodes to form drug-treated cells, measuring a second electrochemical response of the drug-treated cells, and determining the effect of the anticancer drug on the cancer cells based on a comparison of the first and the second electrochemical responses.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for detecting effect of an anticancer drug on cancer cells, including: culturing a plurality of cancer cells to form cultured cells, attaching the cultured cells onto an array of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) electrodes, measuring a first electrochemical response of the attached cells onto the array of electrodes, adding an anticancer drug to the attached cells onto the array of electrodes to form drug-treated cells, measuring a second electrochemical response of the drug-treated cells, and determining the effect of the anticancer drug on the cancer cells based on a comparison of the first and the second electrochemical responses.