Abstract: A technique for preventing malicious observance of private information includes receiving an instruction of entering a mode of inputting private information; determining a correspondence between actual inputs and expected inputs; receiving an actual user input; and converting the actual input into an expected input as private information inputted by the user according to the correspondence. This security technique can prevent discovery of the private information of a user through observation.

Abstract: A technique for preventing malicious observance of private information includes receiving an instruction of entering a mode of inputting private information; determining a correspondence between actual inputs and expected inputs; receiving an actual user input; and converting the actual input into an expected input as private information inputted by the user according to the correspondence. This security technique can prevent discovery of the private information of a user through observation.

Abstract: A magnetoresistive device having a magnetic junction including a first fixed magnetic layer structure, a second fixed magnetic layer structure, and a free magnetic layer structure, wherein the first second and free magnetic layer structures are arranged one over the other. The first second and free magnetic layer structures have respective magnetization orientations configured to orient in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by an interface between the free magnetic layer structure and either one of the first fixed magnetic layer structure or the second fixed magnetic layer structure. The respective magnetization orientations of the first and the second fixed magnetic layer structures are oriented anti-parallel to each other, and the first fixed magnetic layer structure is a static fixed magnetic layer structure having a switching field that is larger than a switching field of the free magnetic layer structure.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a current perpendicular to the plane giant magneto-resistance (CPP GMR) read sensor may include a reference layer and/or a free layer that includes a plurality of sub-layers. For example, at least one of the reference layer or free layer may include a first ferromagnetic sub-layer, a second ferromagnetic sub-layer, and a Heusler alloy layer located between the first ferromagnetic sub-layer and the second ferromagnetic sub-layer. In some embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a current closed path (CCP) spacer layer between the reference layer and the free layer. The CCP spacer layer may include Ag and Al2O3. In further embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a Heusler alloy free layer, a Heusler alloy reference layer, and a CCP spacer layer.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a magnetoresistive device is provided. The magnetoresistive device includes a fixed magnetic layer structure having a fixed magnetization orientation along a first easy axis, a free magnetic layer structure having a variable magnetization orientation along a second easy axis, and an offsetting magnetic layer structure having a magnetization orientation along an axis at least substantially non-parallel to at least one of the first easy axis or the second easy axis, wherein the fixed magnetic layer structure, the free magnetic layer structure and the offsetting magnetic layer structure are arranged one over the other. According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method of forming a magnetoresistive device is also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an acupuncture meridian measurement system. The acupuncture meridian measurement system comprises: a signal generator configured to generate an alternating current excitation signal; an impedance measurer coupled to the signal generator and configured to measure a biological impedance between a fixed point to be measured and at least one selected point of an object; an acupuncture point determiner coupled to the impedance measurer and configured to locate an acupuncture point based on the measured biological impedance, wherein, the determined acupuncture point is a selected point, the biological impedance between which and the fixed point is less than a threshold. A technical problem solved by an embodiment of the present disclosure is to realize an accurate location of the acupuncture meridian. A use of an embodiment of the present disclosure is to locate acupuncture meridian and Yuan acupuncture points.

Abstract: A magnetoresistive device having a magnetic junction including a first fixed magnetic layer structure, a second fixed magnetic layer structure, and a free magnetic layer structure, wherein the first second and free magnetic layer structures are arranged one over the other. The first second and free magnetic layer structures have respective magnetization orientations configured to orient in a direction at least substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by an interface between the free magnetic layer structure and either one of the first fixed magnetic layer structure or the second fixed magnetic layer structure. The respective magnetization orientations of the first and the second fixed magnetic layer structures are oriented anti-parallel to each other, and the first fixed magnetic layer structure is a static fixed magnetic layer structure having a switching field that is larger than a switching field of the free magnetic layer structure.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a current perpendicular to the plane giant magneto-resistance (CPP GMR) read sensor may include a reference layer and/or a free layer that includes a plurality of sub-layers. For example, at least one of the reference layer or free layer may include a first ferromagnetic sub-layer, a second ferromagnetic sub-layer, and a Heusler alloy layer located between the first ferromagnetic sub-layer and the second ferromagnetic sub-layer. In some embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a current closed path (CCP) spacer layer between the reference layer and the free layer. The CCP spacer layer may include Ag and Al2O3. In further embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a Heusler alloy free layer, a Heusler alloy reference layer, and a CCP spacer layer.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor assembly including first and second shields, and a sensor stack between the first and second shields. The sensor stack includes a seed layer adjacent the first shield, a cap layer adjacent the second shield, and a magnetic sensor between the seed layer and the cap layer, wherein at least one of the seed layer and the cap layer has a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure.

Abstract: A system and method of clock generation to provide divided-by-2 clocks with prescribed phase shifts are disclosed. In a communication system with high-order harmonic mixing, the system requires LO signals with a set of prescribed phase shifts, such as 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°, or 0°, 60° and 120°. Often, the clock generation system involves a divide-by-2 divider to derive the clock signals with the prescribed phase shifts. In a conventional implementation of the divide-by-2 divider, the system is subject to phase uncertainty in the output signal. Accordingly, a system comprises multiple latch pairs and respective differential clocks are used to generate the clocks with the set of correct prescribed phase shifts.

Abstract: A system and method for sharing a switched capacitor array (SCA) by two tuning circuits are disclosed. In a multiple-band radio receiver, there is a need to use multiple tuning circuits for signals in different bands. The tuning circuit typically comprised an adjustable capacitance device and other tuning components, where the adjustable capacitance device is often implemented in SCA. The present invention discloses a system and method comprising n sections of capacitor elements where each capacitor element comprises a capacitor and switches to selectively connect the capacitor to one of the tuning circuit. Consequently, the SCA can be shared by the two tuning circuits. The control bits for the switched may be provided from a programmable control register.

Abstract: A system and method for signal mixing using high-order harmonics of a local oscillation (LO) signal. In a radio frequency (RF) system, the input RF signal is converted to a lower frequency signal such as an intermediate frequency (IF) signal or a baseband signal for further processing. A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is often used to generate a VCO signal which is then divided down to provide the needed LO signals for down conversion. The present invention discloses a system and method for generating a composite harmonic signal based on a linear combination of divided down LO signals with specific phase shifts. Consequently a VCO signal with lower frequency can be used to conserve power. The composite harmonic signal is mixed with the input RF signal to generate a series of mixed signal including one associated with a high-order harmonic of the divided down LO signal.

Abstract: A system and method of clock generation to provide divided-by-2 clocks with prescribed phase shifts are disclosed. In a communication system with high-order harmonic mixing, the system requires LO signals with a set of prescribed phase shifts, such as 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°, or 0°, 60° and 120°. Often, the clock generation system involves a divide-by-2 divider to derive the clock signals with the prescribed phase shifts. In a conventional implementation of the divide-by-2 divider, the system is subject to phase uncertainty in the output signal. Accordingly, a system comprises multiple latch pairs and respective differential clocks are used to generate the clocks with the set of correct prescribed phase shifts.

Abstract: A system and method for signal mixing using high-order harmonics of a local oscillation (LO) signal. In a radio frequency (RF) system, the input RF signal is converted to a lower frequency signal such as an intermediate frequency (IF) signal or a baseband signal for further processing. A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is often used to generate a VCO signal which is then divided down to provide the needed LO signals for down conversion. The present invention discloses a system and method for generating a composite harmonic signal based on a linear combination of divided down LO signals with specific phase shifts. Consequently a VCO signal with lower frequency can be used to conserve power. The composite harmonic signal is mixed with the input RF signal to generate a series of mixed signal including one associated with a high-order harmonic of the divided down LO signal.

Abstract: A system and method for sharing a switched capacitor array (SCA) by two tuning circuits are disclosed. In a multiple-band radio receiver, there is a need to use multiple tuning circuits for signals in different bands. The tuning circuit typically comprised an adjustable capacitance device and other tuning components, where the adjustable capacitance device is often implemented in SCA. The present invention discloses a system and method comprising n sections of capacitor elements where each capacitor element comprises a capacitor and switches to selectively connect the capacitor to one of the tuning circuit. Consequently, the SCA can be shared by the two tuning circuits. The control bits for the switched may be provided from a programmable control register.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a current perpendicular to the plane giant magneto-resistance (CPP GMR) read sensor may include a reference layer and/or a free layer that includes a plurality of sub-layers. For example, at least one of the reference layer or free layer may include a first ferromagnetic sub-layer, a second ferromagnetic sub-layer, and a Heusler alloy layer located between the first ferromagnetic sub-layer and the second ferromagnetic sub-layer. In some embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a current closed path (CCP) spacer layer between the reference layer and the free layer. The CCP spacer layer may include Ag and Al2O3. In further embodiments, a CPP GMR read sensor may include a Heusler alloy free layer, a Heusler alloy reference layer, and a CCP spacer layer.

Abstract: A memory cell arrangement is provided including a magnetoresistive memory cell; and a frequency determiner configured to determine a spin precession frequency provided by the magnetoresistive memory cell; and a storage state determiner configured to determine the magnetoresistive memory cell storage state of the magnetoresistive memory cell based on the determined spin precession frequency.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor assembly including first and second shields, and a sensor stack between the first and second shields. The sensor stack includes a seed layer adjacent the first shield, a cap layer adjacent the second shield, and a magnetic sensor between the seed layer and the cap layer, wherein at least one of the seed layer and the cap layer has a synthetic antiferromagnetic structure.

Abstract: A memory cell for an electrically writeable and erasable memory medium as well as a memory medium thereof is provided. The memory cell comprises a data recording element, the data recording element has a plurality of multiple-layer structure disposed one on top of another; each the multiple-layer structure comprising a plurality of sequentially disposed individual layers. At least one of the plurality of individual layers is capable of changing phase between a crystalline state and an amorphous state in response to an electrical pulse, one of the plurality of individual layers having at least one atomic element which is absent from other one of the plurality of individual layers, and the plurality of multiple-layer structure is of a superlattice-like structure to lower a heat diffusion out of the data recording element to shorten a phase change time of the respective individual layers.