Abstract: The aim of this invention is to induce and maintain tolerance to specific antigens with IgA (Immunoglobulin A). It is theoretically likely that the major role of IgA is to induce and maintain tolerance because: it binds to epitopes(determinants) on the antigens; it does not mount destruction nor elimination of antigens; almost all antigens in the small intestine are not immunogens but tolerogens; and it is more important to induce tolerance rather than to stimulate immune responses in the small intestine. In other words, IgA is the inhibitor that suppresses IgM-, IgG- and IgE-mediated immune responses. Therefore, In order to induce tolerance to an antigen, it is theoretically effective to administrate the antigen and immunoglobulin A antibodies that are binding to the epitopes of the antigen.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for a computer-based testing system reads a file of question sentences, a corresponding choice file, and shared choice files and creates a multiple-choice list for a fill-in-the-blanks type of question. When creating the multiple-choice list, key words are searched in the corresponding choice file and the shared choice files. The shared choice files are referred to by any question sentence file.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a computer-based teaching system includes modifying a text file by inserting a first predetermined character at a first end of a first selected information element, and also inserting a second predetermined character at a second end of the first selected information element. A blank box is created in an area defined by the first and second predetermined character. The blank box replaces the first selected information element. Data is stored in a memory, with the data representing the first selected information element. A user interface is provided, which enables selective display of either the blank box or the first selected information element.