Abstract: A holographic sensor for recognizing moisture on a glass pane of a motor vehicle is provided, having a casing, a carrier layer, a diffractive element and an adhesive layer, the diffractive element being fixed, preferably glued, on the carrier layer. The diffractive element may be embodied as an embossed hologram.

Abstract: A semiconductor component, in particular a micromechanical pressure sensor based on silicon, having a base layer, an at least largely self-supporting diaphragm and an overlayer situated on the diaphragm, the diaphragm and the base layer, at least from place to place, delimiting a void. Furthermore, at least from place to place, above the diaphragm a conducting region is provided in the overlayer which is electrically poorly conductive as compared to the conducting region, to which the surface of the diaphragm that faces the overlayer is able to be electrically contacted.

Abstract: A rain sensor, particularly for a motor vehicle, includes a light-conducting member arranged in an intermediate layer of a glass, and is designed as an optically closed system.

Abstract: An optical sensor (5) for recording wetting of a surface (20) of a member (21), especially a window of a motor vehicle, having a transmitter (13), a receiver (14) and a retroreflector (11, 11?, 11?) for electromagnetic waves is proposed. The surface (20) of the member (21) has for this at least two sensing regions (12, 12?), which are exposed to electromagnetic waves originating from the transmitter (13) and coupled into the member (21) in a central region (10), the development of wetting on the sensing regions (12, 12?) effecting a change of the signal of the electromagnetic waves coupled out into the receiver (14) in the central region (10). For this, the retroreflector (11, 11?, 11?) is developed and positioned in such a way that it feeds back electromagnetic waves reflected by the surface (20) of the member (21) to the surface (20) of the member (21), and from there into the central region (10).

Abstract: A rain sensor for a motor vehicle, having a transmitter emitting radiation, a receiver, and a holographically embodied diffractive element that has a linear-grating-like structure.

Abstract: A rain sensor, particularly for a motor vehicle, includes a light-conducting member arranged in an intermediate layer of a glass, and is designed as an optically closed system.

Abstract: A rain sensor (10), in particular for a motor vehicle, is shown, having at least one transmitter (20) emitting radiation in the operating state, and at least one receiver (22) at least partially sensitive to the radiation from the transmitter (20), and a substantially flat light-conducting body (14) that is capable of being coupled nearly parallel to a surface of a wettable window pane (12) of the motor vehicle, and comprising structures (18a, 18b) for directing and catching the radiation from the transmitter (20), whereby the structures (18a) for directing the radiation are different from the structures (18b) for catching the radiation, and they have radiation-concentrating properties.

Abstract: A rain sensor for a motor vehicle is proposed, having a transmitter (16) emitting radiation, a receiver (18), and a holographically embodied diffractive element (22a, 22b) that has a linear-grating-like structure.

Abstract: A holographic sensor for recognizing moisture on a glass pane (14) of a motor vehicle, having a casing (22), a carrier layer (28), and a diffractive element (12) and an adhesive layer (30), the diffractive element (12) being fixed, preferably glued, on the carrier layer (28). Furthermore, a sensor is shown, whose diffractive element (12) is embodied as an embossed hologram.

Abstract: An optical sensor (5) for recording wetting of a surface (20) of a member (21), especially a window of a motor vehicle, having a transmitter (13), a receiver (14) and a retroreflector (11, 11′, 11″) for electromagnetic waves is proposed. The surface (20) of the member (21) has for this at least two sensing regions (12, 12′), which are exposed to electromagnetic waves originating from the transmitter (13) and coupled into the member (21) in a central region (10), the development of wetting on the sensing regions (12, 12′) effecting a change of the signal of the electromagnetic waves coupled out into the receiver (14) in the central region (10).

Abstract: An optical sensor for detecting wetting of a surface (11), In particular of a vehicle window, has at least one transmitter (13) and at least one receiver (15) for electromagnetic waves, the surface being located in a sensor region (16) between the at least one transmitter (13) and the at least one receiver (15). The development of wetting on the sensor region (16) of the surface (11) causes a signal change. The optical sensor has a light-carrying element (18), in which the electromagnetic waves are guided bidirectionally into the sensor region (16) and out of the sensor region (16), and a retroreflector (10) is disposed in the sensor region (16) in such a way that it returns the electromagnetic waves, reflected before the surface (11), back to the surface (11) and from there to the light-carrying element (18).

Abstract: An optical sensor is provided for determining a physical and/or chemical parameter of a sample, having at least one optical transmitter and at least one optical receiver, and having a sensitive element which is arranged in a beam path between the transmitter and the receiver and is exposable to the sample, and which changes its absorption and/or its refractive index for electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength in response to a change in parameters of the sample, in particular, a gas-sensitive element, and possibly having an evaluation unit arranged downstream of the receiver. The transmitter and the receiver can be coupled to the sensitive element via at least one optical waveguide. Provision is made for the transmitter (12) and for the receiver (14) to be coupled to the sensitive element via at least one optical waveguide (26, 28).

Abstract: A semiconductor component, in particular a micromechanical pressure sensor based on silicon, having a base layer, an at least largely self-supporting diaphragm and an overlayer situated on the diaphragm, the diaphragm and the base layer, at least from place to place, delimiting a void. Furthermore, at least from place to place, above the diaphragm a conducting region is provided in the overlayer which is electrically poorly conductive as compared to the conducting region, to which the surface of the diaphragm that faces the overlayer is able to be electrically contacted.

Abstract: A rain sensor (10), in particular for a motor vehicle, is shown, having at least one transmitter (20) emitting radiation in the operating state, and at least one receiver (22) at least partially sensitive to the radiation from the transmitter (20), and a substantially flat light-conducting body (14) that is capable of being coupled nearly parallel to a surface of a wettable window pane (12) of the motor vehicle, and comprising structures (18a, 18b) for directing and catching the radiation from the transmitter (20), whereby the structures (18a) for directing the radiation are different from the structures (18b) for catching the radiation, and they have radiation-concentrating properties.

Abstract: A method for the manufacture of optical components, at least one three-dimensional optical waveguide structure being produced in a light-sensitive substrate by locally subjecting the substrate to an exposure so that a difference in refractive index between the substrate and the at least one optical waveguide structure is created. Provision is made for an exposure to occur at least twice, at different angles of incidence for the light perpendicular to a light wave propagation direction of the optical waveguide structure; the substrate surrounding what will later be the optical waveguide structure thereby experiences a diminution in refractive index, the optical waveguide structure being defined using a mask.

Abstract: The lighting device for a vehicle has at least one central reflector (10), which is formed as a substantially closed hollow body. The reflector (10) is formed from two reflector parts (11, 12), which have light outlet openings facing each other. The reflector parts (11, 12) are shaped like portions of an ellipsoid of revolution and are arranged so that their first focal points (Fl) coincide and their second focal points (F2) lie on the peak of the opposing reflector part (11, 12). The light emitting body (16) of the light source is arranged in the vicinity of the first focal points (F1). Because of this structure of the reflector (10) almost all of the light issuing from the light emitting body (16) is concentrated on the second focal points (F2) of the reflector parts. A light guide (18) is positioned to guide light away from each reflector part in the vicinity of its second focal point (F2).

Abstract: A high-voltage switch (10), which is usable particularly as an ignition voltage distributor for applying the ignition voltage to spark plugs of an internal combustion engine, comprises a cascade circuit of optoelectronic semiconductor elements (11) which are actuated by means of incident light radiation. A plurality of photo semiconductor elements (11) are controlled by a light-emitting element (12) via a biconvex cylinder lens (30). A distribution of the radiation by means of light guide fibers (37) is also possible. The light-emitting elements (12) which are operated with low voltage can be arranged in a housing (36) separate from the high-voltage side by means of the use of light guides (37), so that a complete galvanic separation is achieved.

Abstract: A pigment is mixed with an epoxy resin or varnish binder in a weight ratio from 5:1 to 6:1 to make a paste, which is then applied as a thin layer by screen printing on top of the counterelectrode layer previously baked onto a metal substrate. In another baking step the new layer for producing a reflective coating is heated to between 120.degree. and 180.degree. C., in which temperature range the binder produces small bubbles before hardening, so that the layer that is produced is permeable to ions when the layer becomes soaked with electrolyte in the assembled electrochromic device. The metal substrate is shaped by drawing to provide the electrolyte cavity after the application of the counterelectrode and the reflecting background layer thereon, since the deformation does not damage either of these layers.

Abstract: A screen-printing paste containing Cu.sub.2 O or NiO and preferably aluminum oxide or, more preferably, an aluminum compound such as aluminum acetylacetonate which forms aluminum oxide under calcination heat, is printed over an entire surface of a substrate consisting of aluminum oxide ceramic, after which it is calcined in air at from 800.degree. to 1350.degree. C. to produce an adhesion-promoting spinel layer. That layer is then metallized by plating in an electroless bath for deposition of copper or nickel, as the case may be, after which the metal layer thus deposited is reinforced galvanically.

Abstract: The counterelectrode (16) of an electrochromic indicator device is made of a paste of activated carbon and an organic binder baked on a metal plate (15). The shape of the metal plate can be dished after the layer is baked on without damage. Activated carbon in the counterelectrode, operating with the usual electrolyte and a transition metal oxide electrochromic electrode, makes possible a high-charge density from migration of ions with the application of very small voltages. The electrochromic effect can be extinguished simply by a short-circuit, especially if polyvinyl alcohol is provided as a supplementary binder by dipping the baked counterelectrode therein and baking again, and even more so if the activated carbon paste contains finely divided gold from decomposition of a gold compound during baking. The counterelectrode layer can be applied by screen printing.