Abstract: The removal of water vapor from a gas/vapor mixture by means of vapor permeation takes place by passing the mixture to be separated along one side of a membrane and the permeation of water vapor through the membrane is achieved by maintaining a relatively low partial pressure of water vapor on the other side of the membrane. To increase the flux the membrane is impregnated beforehand with a hygroscopic electrolyte.

Abstract: A membrane module for hyperfiltration or ultra filtration of liquid flows comprises a membrane envelope (1) spirally wound around a tube (4) provided with openings and the membrane layers of which are alternately kept at a distance from each other by retentate spacers and permeate spacers (2), which retentate spacers comprise relatively rigid rods or wires (3) extending parallel to the center line of the module. In order to obtain a very constant and defined geometry of the retentate flow channels and a favorable ratio between membrane surface and module volume, the width dimension of the rods measured perpendicular to the membrane layers is 0.5 to 2.5 mm and the distance between the rods is 4 to 12 times said width dimension. Said width dimension of the rods measured perpendicular to the membrane layers should be at least three times the diameter of the largest particles in the liquid flow to be filtered.

Abstract: A process for the separation of metals in which a mixture of metal derivatives is converted into anion complexes by means of a complexing anion such as, for example, a halide, thiocyanate, sulphate, nitrate, or the like said anion complexes are bound to a solid, non-soluble polymer, containing oxygen bonded to carbon which is converted into a polyoxonium compound by means of the complexing liquid medium used. The complexes are separated by selective absorption and/or elution over the polymer using suited H.sup.+ ion concentrations and/or complexing anion concentrations.