Abstract: A fluid distributor for use in ion exchange vessel assemblies contain ion exchange resins, particularly fixed-bed assemblies. The distributor includes a hub containing a central fluid passage and at least two sets of laterally disposed, fluid-distributing conduits. One of the sets of lateral conduits has holes screened by a fine, resin-retaining mesh. A remotely-controllable valve assembly disposed in the hub regulates flow between the hub and the sets of lateral conduits, so that flow between the screened conduits and the hub may be shut off. The hub also includes means for adjusting the relative rate of fluid flow through the sets of lateral conduits.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for operating a primary bed ion exchange resin demineralizer and for regenerating and backwashing the resins thereof. A spider-type distributor assembly having integral flow control means is installed in the top head of a resin-containing exchange vessel, to permit resin bed volume to substantially occupy the entire vessel volume, limited only by the in-service swelling characteristics of the resin. An auxiliary vessel, termed the resin drop tank, is provided for receiving a portion of the resin from the exchange vessel to accomplish backwashing of such portion outside the exchange vessel and all or none of the remaining resin inside the exchange vessel before replacing and regenerating the resin.

Abstract: A clarifier for purifying liquids containing solids or contaminants. The liquid to be treated enters the clarifier and is directed into a primary sludge contact zone where it is mixed with recirculating sludge. Liquid from the primary sludge contact zone is pumped via flumes to the entrance of a settling corridor for horizontal flow therethrough. The liquid flows through the corridor forming an upper free-fall zone and a lower sludge zone as the precipitates settle out. As the liquid reaches the settling corridor exit, it approaches a point of positive separation of the clarified liquid above from the sludge stream below, which is formed by the kinetic capture of precipitates settling from the free-fall zone into the sludge zone of increasing velocity.