Abstract: A battery cell arrangement having a battery cell which is in the form of a film cell and includes a flat cell body with two end faces, a flexible cell rim surrounding the cell body, and two contact sections arranged on a rim side of the battery cell. The battery cell arrangement further has a frame arrangement which includes a first frame element and a second frame element which frames the cell body on all sides on the rim. At least one vent opening is provided on a side of the frame arrangement which faces away from the end faces of the cell body, in order to allow fluid, in particular gas, to emerge from the battery cell arrangement in the event of damage.

Abstract: A battery cell arrangement having a battery cell which is in the form of a film cell and includes a flat cell body with two end faces, a flexible cell rim surrounding the cell body, and two contact sections arranged on a rim side of the battery cell. The battery cell arrangement further has a frame arrangement which includes a first frame element and a second frame element which frames the cell body on all sides on the rim. At least one vent opening is provided on a side of the frame arrangement which faces away from the end faces of the cell body, in order to allow fluid, in particular gas, to emerge from the battery cell arrangement in the event of damage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for determining the operating parameters of individual cells or short stacks of fuel cells, preferably of medium-temperature or high-temperature fuel cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for determining the operating parameters of individual cells or short stacks of fuel cells, preferably of medium-temperature or high-temperature fuel cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for determining the operating parameters of individual cells (2) or short stacks (10) of fuel cells, preferably of medium-temperature or high-temperature fuel cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for determining the redox state of an anode (11), which is coated with a catalyst material or consisting thereof, associated with a high temperature fuel cell (10) or a reaction surface (16) of a reformer (13). According to the invention, at least one first resonator (3) of a piezoelectric sensor device (1) is arranged in the anode gas flow (5) of the high temperature fuel cell or in the gas flow of the reformer (13). The first resonator (3) is provided with a coating (4) which is oxidizable or reducible in the gas flow. The device also comprises a device (8) for measuring at least one modification of the resonance behaviour of the first resonator (3). The detected measuring value acts as an indicator of the redox state of the anode (11) of the high temperature fuel cell (10) or reaction surface (16) of the reformer (13).

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and a method for determining the operating parameters of individual cells (2) or short stacks (10) of fuel cells, preferably of medium-temperature or high-temperature fuel cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for determining the redox state of an anode (11), which is coated with a catalyst material or consisting thereof, associated with a high temperature fuel cell (10) or a reaction surface (16) of a reformer (13). According to the invention, at least one first resonator (3) of a piezoelectric sensor device (1) is arranged in the anode gas flow (5) of the high temperature fuel cell or in the gas flow of the reformer (13). The first resonator (3) is provided with a coating (4) which is oxidizable or reducible in the gas flow. The device also comprises a device (8) for measuring at least one modification of the resonance behaviour of the first resonator (3). The detected measuring value acts as an indicator of the redox state of the anode (11) of the high temperature fuel cell (10) or reaction surface (16) of the reformer (13).

Abstract: A piezoelectric resonator element of crystallographic point group 32, which can be operated as a thickness shear resonator contacting a carrier medium includes a singly rorated Y-cut (S1,S2) that is essentially rotated through an angle ?about the crystallographic x-axis, which differs from crystal cuts that are temperature-compensated in air or vacuum, wherein the cut has a negative temperatue coeffcient of the resonace frequency f(T) in a predetermined temperature range, preferably between 10° C. and 40° C., when there is no contact with the carrier medium, while the value of the linear temperature coeffcient a of resonance frequency in the same temperature range is less than 1 ppm/° C., preferably less than 0.5 ppm/° C. when the resonator is inb contact with the carrier medium. The resonator element (1) can additionally be provided with at least one layer sensitive to the parameter to be measured.

Abstract: A piezoelectric resonator element of crystallographic point group 32, which can be operated as a thickness shear resonator contacting a carrier medium includes a singly rorated Y-cut (S1,S2) that is essentially rotated through an angle &PHgr; about the crystallographic x-axis, which differs from crystal cuts that are temperature-compensated in air or vacuum, wherein the cut has a negative temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency f(T) in a predetermined temperature range, preferably between 10° C. and 40° C., when there is no contact with the carrier medium, while the value of the linear temperature coefficient a of the resonance frequency in the same temperature range is less than 1 ppm/° C., preferably less than 0.5 ppm/° C. when the resonator is in contact with the carrier medium. The resonator element (1) can additionally be provided with at least one layer sensitive to the parameter to be measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a piezoelectric single crystal element which is provided with electrodes on at least one face or on opposing faces and is excitable to produce a thickness shear vibration. In accordance with the invention the single crystal element has a crystal cut with a fundamental resonance frequency excitable in the thickness shear mode, in which the effective electromechanical coupling factor keff is between 0.05% and 3%, and preferably, between 0.1% and 2%. This allows resonators with a high quality factor to be produced.

Abstract: An arrangement is described for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of particles in gases, especially of particles in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, comprising a vibrating system with at least one vibration sensor, preferably a piezoelectric resonator, which is provided with at least one collecting surface for the particles to be analyzed, a circuit for the determination of characteristic vibration parameters as well as guide and transport arrangements for the gas to be analyzed. In order to obtain as large as possible a measuring range with a linear characteristic line and therewith a great sensitivity and dynamics with respect to the mass load in the entire measuring range, there is provided a vibration sensor stationary relative to the measuring chamber, and at least one active deflecting device for the gas or the particles contained in the gas.

Abstract: To obtain large, high-quality crystals of a metal orthophosphate, in particular GaPO4 or AlPO4, from a nutrient solution with the use of seeds, a seed crystal is used having at least two rod- or wafer-shaped legs which form an angle with each other and define a main growth region, and which are positioned eccentrically in the single crystal grown. Contagious faces of two seed legs, which have been chosen for crystal growing, enclose an angle <180°. In this way the yield of the high-quality crystal region will be increased.

Abstract: An arrangement is described for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of particles in gases, especially of particles in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, comprising a vibrating system with at least one vibration sensor, preferably a piezoelectric resonator, which is provided with at least one collecting surface for the particles to be analyzed, a circuit for the determination of characteristic vibration parameters as well as guide and transport arrangements for the gas to be analyzed. In order to obtain as large as possible a measuring range with a linear characteristic line and therewith a great sensitivity and dynamics with respect to the mass load in the entire measuring range, there is provided a vibration sensor stationary relative to the measuring chamber, and at least one active deflecting device for the gas or the particles contained in the gas.

Abstract: To obtain large, high-quality crystals of a metal ortho-phosphate, in particular GaPO4 or AlPO4, from a nutrient solution with the use of seeds, the proposal is put forward that a seed crystal with at least two rod- or wafer-shaped legs be used, which seed legs form an angle with each other and define a main growth region, and which are positioned eccentrically in the single crystal grown. Contiguous faces of two seed legs, which have been chosen for crystal growing, enclose an angle <180°. In this way the yield of the high-quality crystal region will be increased.