Abstract: A moving web (1) is severed, after the intended length has been wound up, by fracture mechanical crack propagation starting from perforation cuts introduced by means of a laser system (9-11) into a web material embrittled by cooling (8) at the severance location.

Abstract: A control loop comprising a control section, a set value/actual value comparator and a controller is expanded for ultraprecision measurements in such a way that, to detect measurement signals, the control variable connection between the controller output and the control section input is guided via a measured value transducer and, to evaluate and display the measured value, the correcting variable output of the controller is additionally connected to an evaluating circuit.

Abstract: A process for the continuous preparation of hydrocarbon oils from coal by cracking hydrogenation under pressure in two stages. In the first stage (carried out in the bottom phase) milled coal, together with finely divided catalysts, is pasted with an oil mixture, and the slurry is hydrogenated by heating to 380.degree.-440.degree. C. under a hydrogen pressure of from 200 to 700 bar. The gaseous and liquid reaction products are separated from the solid products and subjected to a further hydrogenation (this time in the gas phase), using a fixed hydrogenation catalyst. The heat of the hydrogenated product is indirectly and separately transferred to the coal/oil mixture and the hydrogen by heat exchange in not less than three stages.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for hydrogenating coal slurry in a pressure vessel for pressures of up to 700 bar, preferably of up to 350 bar, with inlets for gas and coal slurry through the reactor bottom, an outlet for sludge, gases and vapors in the reactor top, and dividing trays in the pressure vessel, by means of which trays the individual reaction stages are separated from one another, wherein each dividing tray has a progressively reducing cross-section, with passage orifices, over its entire lower face, so as to prevent coal slurry caking onto the tray in the direction of flow of the reactants (gas and coal slurry).

Abstract: A process for treating a liquid with a gas in a circulatory reactor, in which the gas is introduced by a jet of liquid into a circulating liquid, is entrained downwards in a tube, rises in an annular space surrounding the tube and--if it has not reacted completely--is again entrained downward over the upper edge of the tube. Using the process according to the invention, a very uniform gas distribution and, in the case of heterogeneous reactions, also a very uniform distribution of the suspended catalyst, is achieved over the entire reaction space.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of fibrids of thermoplastics materials by extruding molten thermoplastics through dies and breaking up the extrudate into fibers by means of a liquid medium causing shear stresses within a small volume, to which end the extrudate is passed to a zone of high energy dissipation so that it is completely divided up into fibers of the desired size in a single pass.

Abstract: High molecular weight linear polycarbonates are prepared by continuous condensation of organic dihydroxy compounds and phosgene in two reaction zones, a mixture of an aqueous-alkaline solution of the organic dihydroxy compound and an aqueous catalyst solution being introduced at the rate of from 1 to 50 meters per second and the phosgene at the rate of from 30 to 300 meters per second into the first reaction zone and condensed, an organic solvent being incorporated into the resultant reaction mixture containing oligomer and polycarbonate and the condensation of the aqueous-organic reaction mixture carried to completion in the second reaction zone by the two-phase interfacial method.

Abstract: A process for drawing in and compressing gases and mixing the same with liquid material, wherein the gases are first premixed with one or more liquid jets at a velocity of from 10 to 70 m/sec, the smallest cross-sectional area of the mixing nozzle being at a distance from the propulsive jet which is equal to from 1 to 10 times the smallest hydraulic diameter of the mixing nozzle, which smallest cross-sectional area of the mixing nozzle is equal to from 1.5 to 15 times the smallest cross-sectional area of the propulsive jet. The two-phase liquid mixture is passed through the mixing nozzle to the narrowest point of an impulse exchange tube disposed in the liquid medium, which impulse exchange tube is open at its inlet and outlet and is preferably provided with a diffuser. The smallest cross-sectional area of the impulse exchange tube is equal to from 1.