Abstract: A metal foil including: a steel layer whose thickness is 10 to 200 ?m; an Al-containing metal layer arranged on the steel layer; and plural granular alloys which exist in an interface between the steel layer and the Al-containing metal layer, wherein, when a cutting-plane line of a surface of the Al-containing metal layer is defined as a contour curve and an approximation straight line of the contour curve is defined as a contour average straight line, a maximum point, whose distance from the contour average straight line is more than 10 ?m, is absent on the contour curve, and wherein, when an equivalent sphere diameter of the granular alloys is x in units of ?m and a thickness of the Al-containing metal layer is T in units of ?m, the granular alloys satisfy x?0.5T.

Abstract: A metal foil including: a steel layer whose thickness is 10 to 200 ?m; an alloy layer which contains Fe and Al and which is formed on the steel layer; and an Al-containing metal layer arranged on the alloy layer, wherein, when a cutting-plane line of a surface of the Al-containing metal layer is defined as a contour curve and an approximation straight line of the contour curve is defined as a contour average straight line, a maximum point, whose distance from the contour average straight line is more than 10 ?m, is absent on the contour curve, and a thickness of the alloy layer is 0.1 to 8 ?m and the alloy layer contains an Al7Cu2Fe intermetallic compound or FeAl3 based intermetallic compounds.

Abstract: A flexible substrate has heat resistance to endure the high temperature such as sintering of a photovoltaic conversion layer of a compound-type thin film solar cell, can prevent permeation and/or diffusion of metal into the photovoltaic conversion layer, and can be used for many applications. The polyimide layer-containing flexible substrate has a metal substrate of metal foil made of ordinary steel or stainless steel having a coefficient of thermal expansion in a plane direction of not more than 15 ppm/K, or a metal substrate of metal foil made of that ordinary steel or stainless steel on the surface of which a metal layer comprising one of copper, nickel, zinc, or aluminum or an alloy layer of the same is provided, over which a polyimide layer having a layer thickness of 1.5 to 100 ?m and a glass transition point temperature of 300 to 450° C. is formed.

Abstract: A metal foil including: a steel layer whose thickness is 10 to 200 ?m; an alloy layer which contains Fe and Al and which is formed on the steel layer; and an Al-containing metal layer arranged on the alloy layer, wherein, when a cutting-plane line of a surface of the Al-containing metal layer is defined as a contour curve and an approximation straight line of the contour curve is defined as a contour average straight line, a maximum point, whose distance from the contour average straight line is more than 10 ?m, is absent on the contour curve, and a thickness of the alloy layer is 0.1 to 8 ?m and the alloy layer contains an Al7Cu2Fe intermetallic compound or FeAl3 based intermetallic compounds.

Abstract: A metal foil including: a steel layer whose thickness is 10 to 200 ?m; an Al-containing metal layer arranged on the steel layer; and plural granular alloys which exist in an interface between the steel layer and the Al-containing metal layer, wherein, when a cutting-plane line of a surface of the Al-containing metal layer is defined as a contour curve and an approximation straight line of the contour curve is defined as a contour average straight line, a maximum point, whose distance from the contour average straight line is more than 10 ?m, is absent on the contour curve, and wherein, when an equivalent sphere diameter of the granular alloys is x in units of ?m and a thickness of the Al-containing metal layer is T in units of ?m, the granular alloys satisfy x?0.5T.

Abstract: A nozzle for insertion into a tooth root canal, which can be inserted into the depths of the root canal, which enables a sufficient amount of fluid to be allowed to flow through it per unit time, and which can be easily produced, and a device for treating a tooth root canal, provided with the nozzle. A treating device (1) has an injection device (10) and a discharge device (20). The injection device (10) has a treatment liquid receiving container (14) and also has a supply nozzle (11) communicating with the treatment liquid receiving container (14) through a supply tube (13). The discharge device (20) has a suction nozzle (21) inserted from one end into a tooth root canal (610), a discharge tube (22) connected to the other end of the suction nozzle (21), a discharge pump (23) provided in the middle of the discharge tube (22), and a waste liquid receiving container (24) communicating with the suction nozzle (21) through the discharge pump (23).

Abstract: The flameproofed water-repellent sheet of the present invention has a construction that a sheet-form base material consisting of a woven or knitted fabric of organic fiber is impregnated with a silicone resin varnish containing at least a fibrous potassium titanate and said silicone resin varnish is dried and cured. Since it has excellent non-flamability and water-repellency and, in addition, a flexibility and a high sewing suitability and a high folding endurance, it can be utilized quite effectively as a tent fabric for large-sized tents, storehouse type tents and the like and as a wall material for pool, and the like.

Abstract: A process for recovery of urea from a phenolic solution thereof which comprises adding an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amides, ethers, carbon disulfide and dimethylsulfoxide to the said phenolic solution and collecting the separated crystals of urea from the resultant mixture. The process is characteristic in recovering urea in the solid state without the use of water but a particular organic solvent.

Abstract: Resorcinol and hydroquinone are recovered in mixture at a high purity from a solution containing resorcinol and hydroquinone, especially, a solution resulting from cleavage of oxidation products of isopropylbenzene and successive distillation of the cleavage product thereby to remove lower and higher boiling components therefrom, by adding 0.

Abstract: Sulfonylamide derivatives of the formula,RSO.sub.2 NHC.sub.2 H.sub.4 Clwherein R is an alkyl or a phenyl group, which are particularly useful for the production of photographic chemicals, are prepared by the reaction between a sulfonylhalide of the formula,RSO.sub.2 Xwherein R is as defined above, and X is chlorine or bromine, and 2-chloroethylamine or its salt, which is prepared by the chlorination of monoethanolamine with thionylchloride.

Abstract: Meta-and/or paradiisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxides are continuously produced by oxidizing meta-and/or paradiisopropylbenzenes in liquid phase through contact with oxygen or a gas containing oxygen, while keeping the concentration of meta-and/or paradiisopropylbenzene monohydroperoxides of the oxidation product solution in a range of 20 to 40% by weight.

Abstract: Impurities, that is, by-products, in an oxidation product solution obtained by oxidation of diisopropylbenzene by molecular oxygen or in the oxidation product solution freed from diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide, are removed by extracting the by-products such as carbinols, ketones and styrenes from the solution with a mixture of an aqueous alkaline solution and at least one of alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, as an extracting reagent at a temperature of 20.degree. to 80.degree.C.

Abstract: In a process for the production of hydroperoxides by the oxidation of an aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one tertiary carbon atom with oxygen or an oxygen containing gas in the presence of an aqueous alkaline solution, an improvement is made in that the oxidation is effected in an emulsion phase which is caused by powerfully mixing all or a part of the materials to be brought into the oxidation reaction only by the aid of the hydroperoxides formed in the reaction, whereby enhancing the reaction rate with safety.

Abstract: Dihydroperoxides of dialkylaromatic hydrocarbons are separated in high yield from an aqueous alkaline solutions of hydroperoxides containing the dihydroperoxides by adding 0.01 to 1 % by weight of a compound having a nitrogen base, such as ammonia and aromatic amines, to the solution, based on the weight of the solution, thereby stabilizing the dihydroperoxides in the solution, and separating the dihydroperoxides therefrom by extraction.