Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polyester comprises three single reactors, i.e. a single esterification reactor (first reactor), a single initial polymerization reactor (second reactor) and a single final polymerization reactor (third reactor or final polymerizer), where at least one of the first reactor and the second reactor is free from an external stirring power source, or the third reactor is a horizontal, one-shaft-type, low speed rotation type reactor. Necessary number of reactors for the esterification and polycondensation reactions can be a minimum and necessary stirring power consumption for the reaction can be a minimum, and thus polyester polymers of good quality can be efficiently produced at a minimum energy cost in a necessary minimum reactor structure.

Abstract: To obtain a wide passenger compartment space, the thickness of a heat insulating acoustical layer is reduced, and for this purpose, a comfortable in-car environment is obtained by using a vacuum insulating panel which combines high heat insulating performance and sound insulating performance. A heat insulating acoustical layer 20 is formed on one surface of a lightweight alloy structure 10 of double skin construction by using a vacuum insulating panel 21 as a middle member and sandwiching two surfaces of the panel with elastic sound absorbing materials 22, 23 made of a nonwoven fabric or a foamed body, and the heat insulating acoustical layer is covered with an interior material 24. Owing to this construction, the transmission loss of a noise which transmits from the double skin structure side is improved by the mutual actions of the elasticity of the sound absorbing material and the rigidity of the vacuum heat insulating panel.

Abstract: Polybutylene terephthalate having good heat stability and excellent hydrolysis resistance is continuously produced in a series of a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprising terephthalic acid as a main ingredient or a derivative thereof with a glycol comprising 1,4-butanediol as a main ingredient, thereby producing an oligomer with an average degree of polymerization of 2.2 to 5, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer from the first reactor, thereby preparing a low polymerization product with an average degree of polymerization of 25 to 40, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product from the second reactor, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester with an average degree of polymerization of 70 to 130, or followed by a fourth reactor for further polycondensing the polyester from the third reactor to an average degree of polymerization of 150 to 200, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: To obtain a wide passenger compartment space, the thickness of a heat insulating acoustical layer is reduced, and for this purpose, a comfortable in-car environment is obtained by using a vacuum insulating panel which combines high heat insulating performance and sound insulating performance. A heat insulating acoustical layer 20 is formed on one surface of a lightweight alloy structure 10 of double skin construction by using a vacuum insulating panel 21 as a middle member and sandwiching two surfaces of the panel with elastic sound absorbing materials 22, 23 made of a nonwoven fabric or a foamed body, and the heat insulating acoustical layer is covered with an interior material 24. Owing to this construction, the transmission loss of a noise which transmits from the double skin structure side is improved by the mutual actions of the elasticity of the sound absorbing material and the rigidity of the vacuum heat insulating panel.

Abstract: Polybutylene terephthalate having good heat stability and excellent hydrolysis resistance is continuously produced in a series of a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprising terephthalic acid as a main ingredient or a derivative thereof with a glycol comprising 1,4-butanediol as a main ingredient, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer from the first reactor, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product from the second reactor, or followed by a fourth reactor for further polycondensing the polyester from the third reactor. Another third reactor or a plurality of third reactors can be provided in parallel to the third reactor.

Abstract: The invention provides a thin footplate of superior quality while suppressing noise caused by the footplate. A footplate 10 is formed by connecting extruded shape members 110 arranged in parallel along the width direction of a railway car by a pipe 80, with the upper surface of the extruded shape members 110 used as the walking surface. Adjacent extruded shape members 110 contact each other via bushings 90. Both ends of the pipe 80 are pulled via draft springs 50 and 50 disposed in V-shape onto the underframe. A slip stopper 120 is adhered to the upper surface of the extruded shape members 110. Bottom surfaces of the extruded shape members contact the upper surface of the underframe via sliding members 70. When the railway car passes a curve or the like that causes relative displacement of the cars, the footplate 10 is slid easily.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: An imaging sequence for MRI is performed to produce MR images of an object to be examined and display them on a monitor. Marks 6, 7 and 8 are defined at regions to be observed (observation regions), such as a bifurcation 3 and constriction 4 of the displayed image 1. If the distance between an invasive device 10 displayed in the image and the marks is within a predetermined range, at least one of the frame rate (reciprocal of an image-updating interval) and the spatial resolution is altered so as to automatically raise the imaging speed or so as to improve the spatial resolution when the invasive device reaches the observation region. The movement of the invasive device and its relationship to a blood vessel can therefore be finely monitored with high accuracy.

Abstract: Focusing method and exposure apparatus for focusing both a parallel light beam and a non-parallel light beam through a movable objective lens onto an object. A negative feedback loop is provided which has a detector for receiving a reflection light beam of the non-parallel light beam passed through the movable objective lens, reflected at the object and passed through the movable objective lens, for generating a detection signal corresponding to a focus deviation of the non-parallel light beam, and a driver for receiving the detection signal to control a position of the movable objective lens in accordance with the detection signal, so that the detection signal is decreased. The negative feedback loop further includes a correction signal generator for generating a correction signal and supplying it to the negative feedback loop as a disturbance of the loop so that the parallel light beam is focused onto the object.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: Focusing method and exposure apparatus for focusing both a parallel light beam and a non-parallel light beam through a movable objective lens onto an object. A negative feedback loop is provided which has a detector for receiving a reflection light beam of the non-parallel light beam passed through the movable objective lens, reflected at the object and passed through the movable objective lens, for generating a detection signal corresponding to a focus deviation of the non-parallel light beam, and a driver for receiving the detection signal to control a position of the movable objective lens in accordance with the detection signal, so that the detection signal is decreased. The negative feedback loop further includes a correction signal generator for generating a correction signal and supplying it to the negative feedback loop as a disturbance of the loop so that the parallel light beam is focused onto the object.

Abstract: Focusing method and exposure apparatus for focusing both a parallel light beam and a non-parallel light beam through a movable objective lens onto an object. A negative feedback loop is provided which has a detector for receiving a reflection light beam of the non-parallel light beam passed through the movable objective lens, reflected at the object and passed through the movable objective lens, for generating a detection signal corresponding to a focus deviation of the non-parallel light beam, and a driver for receiving the detection signal to control a position of the movable objective lens in accordance with the detection signal, so that the detection signal is decreased. The negative feedback loop further includes a correction signal generator for generating a correction signal and supplying it to the negative feedback loop as a disturbance of the loop so that the parallel light beam is focused onto the object.

Abstract: An apparatus for continuously producing polybutylene terephthalate, which comprises a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with a glycol, thereby producing an oligomer, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer, thereby preparing a low polymerization product, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester, where the second reactor is a vertical, cylindrical polymerization vessel having a plurality of concentrical partitioned reaction compartments therein, each of the reaction compartments being provided with stirring blades and a heater, and an outlet for volatile matters being provided at the upper part of the vessel. The second reactor contributes to efficient and continuous production of polybutylene terephthalate having a good quality.

Abstract: Polybutylene terephthalate having good heat stability and excellent hydrolysis resistance is continuously produced in a series of a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprising terephthalic acid as a main ingredient or a derivative thereof with a glycol comprising 1,4-butanediol as a main ingredient, thereby producing an oligomer with an average degree of polymerization of 2.2 to 5, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer from the first reactor, thereby preparing a low polymerization product with an average degree of polymerization of 25 to 40, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product from the second reactor, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester with an average degree of polymerization of 70 to 130, or followed by a fourth reactor for further polycondensing the polyester from the third reactor to an average degree of polymerization of 150 to 200, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester.

Abstract: Polybutylene terephthalate having good heat stability and excellent hydrolysis resistance is continuously produced in a series of a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprising terephthalic acid as a main ingredient or a derivative thereof with a glycol comprising 1,4-butanediol as a main ingredient, thereby producing an oligomer with an average degree of polymerization of 2.2 to 5, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer from the first reactor, thereby preparing a low polymerization product with an average degree of polymerization of 25 to 40, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product from the second reactor, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester with an average degree of polymerization of 70 to 130, or followed by a fourth reactor for further polycondensing the polyester from the third reactor to an average degree of polymerization of 150 to 200, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester.

Abstract: Polybutylene terephthalate having good heat stability and excellent hydrolysis resistance is continuously produced in a series of a first reactor for reacting an aromatic dicarboxylic acid comprising terephthalic acid as a main ingredient or a derivative thereof with a glycol comprising 1,4-butanediol as a main ingredient, thereby producing an oligomer with an average degree of polymerization of 2.2 to 5, a second reactor for polycondensating the oligomer from the first reactor, thereby preparing a low polymerization product with an average degree of polymerization of 25 to 40, and a third reactor for further polycondensating the low polymerization product from the second reactor, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester with an average degree of polymerization of 70 to 130, or followed by a fourth reactor for further polycondensing the polyester from the third reactor to an average degree of polymerization of 150 to 200, thereby producing a high molecular weight polyester.