Abstract: Defect inspection of repeated pattern on a surface is executed by reducing influence of a base layer. Thus, surface-inspecting apparatus and method include unit irradiating repeated pattern on specimen's surface with illuminating light, units setting an angle formed by direction on an incidence plane's surface including irradiating direction of illuminating light and a normal to the surface and repeated direction of repeated pattern to predetermined value except zero, a light detecting unit detecting regular reflected light from repeated pattern when illuminating light is irradiated and outputs information about light intensity of regular reflected light, and a detecting unit detecting the repeated pattern's defect on information, from light detecting unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: A surface inspection apparatus includes: a light source unit that emits a divergent light flux of predetermined linearly polarized light to be used to illuminate a test substrate; a first optical member that allows the divergent light flux of the predetermined linearly polarized light to enter therein with a predetermined angle of incidence and then guides a light flux to the test substrate; a second optical member that allows a light flux from the test substrate to enter therein, emits a convergent light flux thereof with a predetermined angle of emergence and forms an image at a specific surface; an extraction unit that extracts linearly polarized light in the convergent light flux from the second optical member, which is perpendicular to the predetermined linearly polarized light; a light-receiving unit that receives an image of the test substrate formed via the second optical member and the extraction unit; and at least one polarization correcting member disposed within a light path extending between the

Abstract: A first reflecting optical element (7) and a second reflecting optical element (51) are provided, and the second reflecting optical element (51) is disposed so as to reflect incident light to be incident on the first reflecting optical element (7) and reflected light from the first reflecting optical element, and thus a small-sized optical scanner can be obtained.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: In an optical scanning device using two polygon mirrors, the present invention achieves both a simplification of the device and a reduction of vibrations. An optical scanning device is provided with a first optical system including a polygon mirror and a second optical system including a polygon mirror. The polygon mirror provided in the first optical system and the polygon mirror provided in the second optical system are configured such that they rotate in mutually opposite directions. Further, the optical scanning device is provided with one BD sensor for detecting laser beams that are scanned with the polygon mirrors. Slits with mutually different widths are arranged between the BD sensor and the respective polygon mirrors of the first and second optical systems.

Abstract: In an overfilled optical scanner in which a plurality of light beams are used, a uniform luminous-energy distribution is achieved on a scanning plane to be scanned. The optical scanner includes: a light source 3 for producing a first light beam L1 and a second light beam L2; a polygon mirror; a first image formation optical system for leading the light beams L1 and L2 to a deflecting plane of the polygon mirror and for forming, on the deflecting plane, a line image whose width is greater than the plane width of the deflecting plane; and a second image formation optical system for leading the light beams L1 and L2 from the polygon mirror to the scanning plane of a photosensitive drum and forming an image on the scanning plane. The first image formation optical system is adjusted so that the optical axes A1 and A2 of the first and second light beams L1 and L2 are approximately symmetrical about the optical axis A0 of the first image formation optical system.

Abstract: In an optical scanning device using two polygon mirrors, the present invention achieves both a simplification of the device and a reduction of vibrations. An optical scanning device is provided with a first optical system including a polygon mirror and a second optical system including a polygon mirror. The polygon mirror provided in the first optical system and the polygon mirror provided in the second optical system are configured such that they rotate in mutually opposite directions. Further, the optical scanning device is provided with one BD sensor for detecting laser beams that are scanned with the polygon mirrors. Slits with mutually different widths are arranged between the BD sensor and the respective polygon mirrors of the first and second optical systems.

Abstract: By a first image forming optical system (42a to 42d), a plurality of light beams from light sources (41a to 41d) form linear images on a common deflecting surface (46) of an optical deflector (44). Light beams reflected off the optical deflector (44) are reflected by a plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) and are allowed to scan over photosensitive members (4a to 4d), respectively. The plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) are disposed on the same side with respect to a plane that includes a normal line at a center of the deflecting surface (46) and is parallel to a main scanning direction. Further, curved surfaces of the plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) vary in shape. Thus, a tandem type color image forming apparatus that achieves low cost and has excellent optical performance and an optical scanning device that is used favorably in the color image forming apparatus can be provided.

Abstract: By a first image forming optical system (42a to 42d), a plurality of light beams from light sources (41a to 41d) form linear images on a common deflecting surface (46) of an optical deflector (44). Light beams reflected off the optical deflector (44) are reflected by a plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) and are allowed to scan over photosensitive members (4a to 4d), respectively. The plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) are disposed on the same side with respect to a plane that includes a normal line at a center of the deflecting surface (46) and is parallel to a main scanning direction. Further, curved surfaces of the plurality of curved surface mirrors (45a to 45d) vary in shape. Thus, a tandem type color image forming apparatus that achieves low cost and has excellent optical performance and an optical scanning device that is used favorably in the color image forming apparatus can be provided.

Abstract: A surface inspection apparatus includes: a light source unit that emits a divergent light flux of predetermined linearly polarized light to be used to illuminate a test substrate; a first optical member that allows the divergent light flux of the predetermined linearly polarized light to enter therein with a predetermined angle of incidence and then guides a light flux to the test substrate; a second optical member that allows a light flux from the test substrate to enter therein, emits a convergent light flux thereof with a predetermined angle of emergence and forms an image at a specific surface; an extraction unit that extracts linearly polarized light in the convergent light flux from the second optical member, which is perpendicular to the predetermined linearly polarized light; a light-receiving unit that receives an image of the test substrate formed via the second optical member and the extraction unit; and at least one polarization correcting member disposed within a light path extending between the

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrated windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2). Outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction may be tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and to form a recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: The present invention provides a permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor having a stator with concentrating windings with the following structure so that permanent magnet (6) is hard to subjected to demagnetization magnetic field: 0.3 Lg<La?2.0 Lg, where La is a clearance between teeth of stator (1), and Lg is an air-gap between stator (1) and rotor (2), and yet outer walls of both ends of the permanent magnet (6) disposed within rotor (2) in a rim direction are tapered toward inside from a rotor rim in a radial direction and thus form recessed section on the outer walls of the magnets. As a result, withstanding force against demagnetization is expected to increase.

Abstract: A first reflecting optical element (7) and a second reflecting optical element (51) are provided, and the second reflecting optical element (51) is disposed so as to reflect incident light to be incident on the first reflecting optical element (7) and reflected light from the first reflecting optical element, and thus a small-sized optical scanner can be obtained.

Abstract: A reflector 10 is formed so as to have a long side along a scanning direction of a ray bundle. The reflector 10 includes a thin-plate-shaped reflector body having one plane to be a reflection plane 20 and upper and lower ribs 21a and 21b each extending from the reflector body in a back side. The reflector plane 20 is formed of a curved plane having positive power at least in the scanning direction, i.e., a so called free-form plane. The reflector 10 is supported by protrusions 31, 32 and 33 at three points, i.e., first, second and third support points S1, S2 and S3 located in the vicinities of one end portion of the reflector, the other end of thereof, and a center portion thereof, respectively. A distance L1 between an imaginary straight line V1 joining the first and second support points S1 and S2 and the third support point S3 is larger than a sag L2 of the reflector 20.

Abstract: In an overfilled optical scanner in which a plurality of light beams are used, a uniform luminous-energy distribution is achieved on a scanning plane to be scanned. The optical scanner includes: a light source 3 for producing a first light beam L1 and a second light beam L2; a polygon mirror; a first image formation optical system for leading the light beams L1 and L2 to a deflecting plane of the polygon mirror and for forming, on the deflecting plane, a line image whose width is greater than the plane width of the deflecting plane; and a second image formation optical system for leading the light beams L1 and L2 from the polygon mirror to the scanning plane of a photosensitive drum and forming an image on the scanning plane. The first image formation optical system is adjusted so that the optical axes A1 and A2 of the first and second light beams L1 and L2 are approximately symmetrical about the optical axis A0 of the first image formation optical system.

Abstract: An X-ray generating apparatus in which X-rays are emitted from laser plasma, the X-ray generating apparatus including a strong magnetic field generating device for generating a magnetic field component substantially parallel with the target surface in the vicinity of the laser plasma. The magnetic field component is arranged to generate a magnetic force which acts directly on charged particles in the laser plasma to bend the tracks of the charged particles, causing the charged particles to be confined in a magnetic field formed by the magnetic field component. The magnetic flux of the strong magnetic field is directed to a direction which is different from the direction in which the laser plasma is generated. An X-ray supply object is disposed in the laser plasma generating direction. Charged particles, liable to be directed to the X-ray supply object, are mainly confined in the strong magnetic field.