Abstract: An image heating device includes a protective member for protecting an end portion of an endless film. The protective member has a hardness which is lower than that of the film. Hence, even if the film and the protective member rub each other, the damage of the end portion of the film can be prevented, and excellent image heating can be performed.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus prevents the offset of toner onto a fixing roller, by forming a surface mold release layer made of pure fluororesin material on a core member of the fixing roller and by applying a bias voltage to the fixing roller.

Abstract: An image heating device includes a movable member including an electroconductive layer; an excitation coil for generating magnetic flux; wherein the magnetic flux generated by the excitation coil generates an eddy current which in turn generates heat in the movable member to heat an image on a recording material; and a magnetic member for guiding the magnetic flux; wherein the magnetic member is elongated in a direction perpendicular to a movement direction of the movable member, and the excitation coil is extended in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic member; wherein the magnetic member including a first magnetic portion adjacent to the movable member, a second magnetic portion, and a third magnetic portion between the first magnetic portion and the second magnetic portion and adjacent to the movable member with the excitation coil therebetween, as seen in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first image bearing member on which a toner image can be formed; an intermediate transfer member onto which the toner image is transferable from the first image bearing member; wherein the toner image is further transferred onto a second image bearing member therefrom; wherein the intermediate transfer member comprises a conductive layer to which a voltage is applied, a surface layer on the conductive layer, and a volume resistivity of the surface layer is 10.sup.5 -10.sup.11 ohm.cm.

Abstract: An image transfer apparatus has a transfer charging member for transferring a toner image from an image bearing member to a transfer material, the transfer charging member adapted to contact with a surface of the transfer material conveyed between the image bearing member and the transfer charging member opposite to a surface thereof facing the image bearing member, and a guide member for supporting the transfer charging member and to guide it between the image bearing member and the transfer charging member.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus is provided with:a moving member having an electrically conductive layer and arranged to move together with a recording medium, an exciting coil for generating a magnetic flux, wherein the magnetic flux generated by the exciting coil generates eddy currents in the moving member and the eddy currents make the moving member generate heat, wherein the heat of the moving member heats an image on the recording medium, a magnetic member for guiding the magnetic flux generated by the exciting coil, wherein the moving member and the magnetic member form a substantially closed magnetic circuit, wherein an angle .theta. ?rad! formed between a principal line of magnetic force directed from the magnetic member to the moving member and a principal line of magnetic force directed from the moving member to the magnetic member is determined to be 0<.theta.<.pi..

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first image bearing member on which a toner image can be formed; an intermediate transfer member onto which the toner image is transferable from the first image bearing member; wherein the toner image is further transferred onto a second image bearing member therefrom; wherein the intermediate transfer member comprises a conductive layer to which a voltage is applied, a surface layer on the conductive layer, and a volume resistivity of the surface layer is 10.sup.5 -10.sup.11 ohm.cm.

Abstract: An image fixing rotatable member and an image fixing apparatus using the rotatable member as a pressing rotatable member, having a fluorine resin tube over a rubber layer, wherein the volume resistivity of the rubber layer is lower than that of the fluorine resin tube so as to avoid charge build-up on the fluorine resin tube.

Abstract: A charging device including a movable member to be charged, and a charging member which is contactable to the member to be charged so as to charge the member to be charged, wherein the coefficient of dynamic friction between the member to be charged and a surface of the charging member contactable to the member to be charged is not lower than 0.4.

Abstract: A developing apparatus having a container for containing a one component developer, and a rotatable developing roller disposed facing an image bearing member to carry developer from the container to a development zone where it is supplied to an electrostatic latent image carried on an image bearing member. The developing roller includes a metal base member and a resin coating layer thereon in which fine conductive particles are dispersed. The developing roller has a surface including an end region adjacent an end of the roller, and an intermediate region. In the end region, the base member is not roughened and the resin layer is not provided. In the intermediate region, inside the end region, the base member is roughened and is coated with the resin layer. A sealing member is provided for preventing leakage of the developer from the container at the end of the developing roller, the sealing member being faced to the end region of the developing roller.

Abstract: An image fixing apparatus for fixing a toner image on a recording material includes a pair of rotatable members for forming a nip through which the recording material is passed; and bias voltage applying source for applying a bias voltage to at least one of the rotatable members, wherein the bias voltage is automatically changed in accordance with change of an ambient condition.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming an image on the image bearing member; and a transfer device for transferring the image from the image bearing member onto a transfer material, the transfer device including a movable transfer member contacted to the image bearing member and for conveying the transfer material by the contact portion. The transfer member is disposed in such a direction that a surface friction in the direction of the movement of the transfer member relative to the image bearing member is large.