Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of citric acid, a hydrate thereof, or a mixture thereof and having a moisture content of 4.0% by mass or less, the method including irradiating a composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of citric acid, a hydrate thereof, or a mixture thereof with microwaves.

Abstract: An optical device capable of achieving desired polarization properties including a light source, incident-side polarizing element, optical modulating element, emission-side first polarizing element, and emission-side second polarizing element, the first and second polarizing elements each have a wire-grid structure and include a plurality of convex portions arranged on a transparent substrate and spaced apart from each other at a pitch shorter than the wavelength of light in the light source, the transmission axis of the first polarizing element relative to the transmission axis of the incident-side polarizing element is within ±8.

Abstract: A detector detects a remaining power of a battery. A calculator calculates a demand load of air-conditioning based on at least one of a preset temperature set for air in a passenger compartment of an electric vehicle and an outside temperature of air outside of the electric vehicle. A switching portion switches a mode of air-conditioning between a battery mode and an engine mode based on the calculated demand load and the detected remaining power of the battery. The battery mode causes the battery to supply electric power for air-conditioning, and the engine mode causes an engine of the electric vehicle to supply combustion energy for air-conditioning.

Abstract: A detector detects a remaining power of a battery. A calculator calculates a demand load of air-conditioning based on at least one of a preset temperature set for air in a passenger compartment of an electric vehicle and an outside temperature of air outside of the electric vehicle. A switching portion switches a mode of air-conditioning between a battery mode and an engine mode based on the calculated demand load and the detected remaining power of the battery. The battery mode causes the battery to supply electric power for air-conditioning, and the engine mode causes an engine of the electric vehicle to supply combustion energy for air-conditioning.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification device includes an exhaust pipe defining an exhaust passage, a first SOX adsorption portion having a first SOX adsorption material provided in the exhaust passage, a second SOX adsorption portion having a second SOX adsorption material provided in the exhaust passage, and a NOX catalyst provided downstream of the first SOX adsorption portion and the second SOX adsorption portion in the exhaust passage. The first SOX adsorption material is configured to adsorb SOX in the combustion gas at a temperature lower than a first set temperature. The second SOX adsorption material is configured to store SOX in the combustion gas at a temperature equal to or higher than a second set temperature, and the stored SOX can be kept at a temperature lower than the second set temperature. Therefore, the exhaust gas purification device can adsorb SOX in the exhaust gas with high efficiency.

Abstract: An exhaust gas purification device includes an exhaust pipe defining an exhaust passage, a first SOX adsorption portion having a first SOX adsorption material provided in the exhaust passage, a second SOX adsorption portion having a second SOX adsorption material provided in the exhaust passage, and a NOX catalyst provided downstream of the first SOX adsorption portion and the second SOX adsorption portion in the exhaust passage. The first SOX adsorption material is configured to adsorb SOX in the combustion gas at a temperature lower than a first set temperature. The second SOX adsorption material is configured to store SOX in the combustion gas at a temperature equal to or higher than a second set temperature, and the stored SOX can be kept at a temperature lower than the second set temperature. Therefore, the exhaust gas purification device can adsorb SOX in the exhaust gas with high efficiency.

Abstract: A nozzle needle has a hollow tubular form having a closed base end. A heat transfer tube is press fitted into a first magnetic portion. The heat transfer tube surrounds an outer peripheral surface of the nozzle needle. A ceramic heater is formed as an integral cylindrical body by sintering a ceramic material together with a heat generating resistive element. A case covers the heater and protects the heater from externally applied water. An inner tube of the case is resiliently engaged with both the heater and the first magnetic portion. Heat of the heater is conducted to the nozzle needle through the inner tube, the first magnetic portion and the heat transfer tube to heat fuel inside the nozzle needle.

Abstract: A nozzle needle has a hollow tubular form having a closed base end. A heat transfer tube is press fitted into a first magnetic portion. The heat transfer tube surrounds an outer peripheral surface of the nozzle needle. A ceramic heater is formed as an integral cylindrical body by sintering a ceramic material together with a heat generating resistive element. A case covers the heater and protects the heater from externally applied water. An inner tube of the case is resiliently engaged with both the heater and the first magnetic portion. Heat of the heater is conducted to the nozzle needle through the inner tube, the first magnetic portion and the heat transfer tube to heat fuel inside the nozzle needle.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve has a single pipe member made of composite magnetic material which can be processed to form ferro-magnetic structures and non-magnetic structures. A magnetic fuel connector, a magnetic valve body, a nonmagnetic intermediate pipe are formed in the single pipe member. An electromagnetic solenoid is disposed around the intermediate pipe, and a needle valve is disposed in the valve body. A magnetic stationary core is disposed inside the fuel connector, and a magnetic movable core is disposed inside the valve body in a magnetic circuit composed of the solenoid, the fuel connector, the stationary core and the valve body.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve is composed of a stationary core, a driving coil, a movable core driven by the driving coil, a valve seat having a nozzle and a valve member integrated with the movable. The movable core is made of powdered soft magnetic material and the valve member is made of powdered hard non-magnetic material, and the movable core and the valve member are molded with resin. The movable core is sintered and hardened and the valve member is annealed thereafter. Preferably, the movable core is made of ferritic stainless steel, and the valve member is made of martensitic stainless steel.

Abstract: A fuel injection valve, having an injector pipe containing a needle valve therein, an electromagnetic coil for driving the needle valve and a yoke forming a magnetic circuit, intermittently injects fuel fed from the top of the injection valve to an internal combustion engine according to longitudinal movement of the needle valve. The injector pipe is made of a compound magnetic material and formed into a single piece by a drawing process, the single piece including two magnetic portions and a non-magnetic portion interposed between two magnetic portions. The non-magnetic portion intercepts magnetic flux flow between the magnetic portions. The electromagnetic coil is molded by resin together with other components, and the yoke is formed separately. The yoke is mounted on the molded coil from its lateral side, making an assembly including the coil and the yoke. The injector pipe is inserted into a bore formed in the coil, and then the yoke is connected to the injector pipe by welding.

Abstract: An injection valve with an injection hole includes a yoke, a fixed core surrounded by the yoke, a non-magnetic stopper between the yoke and the fixed core, a valve for opening and closing the injection hole, a movable core, whose axial movement is limited by the stopper, and an electromagnetic coil for attracting (when energized) the movable core to the fixed core. The movable core contacts the stopper and an air gap is formed between a surface of the movable core and at least one of the yoke and the fixed core. Since the movement of the movable core is limited by the stopper, the amount of movement by the movable core and the air gap formed between the surface of the movable core and at least one of the yoke and the fixed core are easily adjusted by adjusting the thickness of the stopper.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fuel injection valve prevents fuel bubbles from staying at a downstream side of the valve's stopper plate and helps to inject fuel smoothly. The electromagnetic injection valve includes a needle having a valve head opening and closing a valve seat, an electromagnetic coil portion for actuating the needle electromagnetically and a contact portion disposed at the downstream side of the stopper plate on the needle. The stopper plate includes a notch accommodating the needle therein and bubble discharge surfaces made outwardly from the notch to discharge bubbles produced at the downstream side of the contact portion toward the upstream side thereof and help the fuel flow smoothly.

Abstract: An electromagnetically operated valve for injecting fluid comprises first guiding element connected to one end portion of a stationary iron core and containing a movable core slidably therein for guiding a movement of a movable valve connected to the movable core, and second guiding element for slidably guiding the movable valve in a position between a large-diameter portion and a seat portion of the movable valve. According to such fluid injection valve, as the movable core and movable valve are axially guided by first guiding means and second guiding element in the above respective positions, the wear of the stopper portion of the movable valve is lessened due to the outer force to the movable valve.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fuel injection valve for use in an internal combustion engine includes a valve body provided with a valve seat and a valve member having an abutting part moved within the valve body by an electromagnetic actuator between a closed position where the abutting part abuts against the valve seat to interrupt supply of fuel to the engine and an open position where the abutting portion is spaced from the valve seat to permit supply of the fuel to the engine. The valve member has a metering portion which cooperates with the valve seat to define therebetween a fuel metering gap when the valve member is in the open position. The abutting part of the valve member is located downstream of the metering portion with reference to a flow direction of the fuel so that the metering portion is always immersed in the fuel when the valve member is in the closed position.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fuel injection valve for an internal combustion engine having a housing which houses a valve, a needle valve element, a movable core, an electromagnetic actuator and spacer. The housing is made of magnetic material forms a magnetic flux circuit with the electromagnetic actuator and the movable core. The cylindrical housing is made of a plate material which comprises a portion facing the movable core, and the portion has a substantially minimum thickness to actuate the movable core.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fuel injection valve for use in an internal combustion engine includes a valve body provided with a valve seat and a valve member having an abutting part moved within the valve body by an electromagnetic actuator between a closed position where the abutting part abuts against the valve seat to interrupt supply of fuel to the engine and an open position where the abutting portion is spaced from the valve seat to permit supply of the fuel to the engine. The valve member has a metering portion which cooperates with the valve seat to define therebetween a fuel metering gap when the valve member is in the open position. The abutting part of the valve member is located downstream of the metering portion with reference to a flow direction of the fuel so that the metering portion is always immersed in the fuel when the valve member is in the closed position.

Abstract: A fuel injector comprising a needle valve and a stop member cooperating with the needle valve. The stop member selectively controls the maximum amount of lift of the needle valve to provide a smaller maximum lift or a larger maximum lift thereof whereby, when the required amount of fuel to be injected by the fuel injector is small, the needle valve is lifted to the smaller maximum lift, and when the required amount of fuel is large, the needle valve is lifted to the larger maximum lift.

Abstract: An electromagnetic fuel injection valve for use in an internal combustion engine includes a valve body provided with a valve seat and a valve member having an abutting part moved within the valve body by an electromagnetic actuator between a closed position where the abutting part abuts against the valve seat to interrupt supply of fuel to the engine and an open position where the abutting portion is spaced from the valve seat to permit supply of the fuel to the engine. The valve member has a metering portion which cooperates with the valve seat to define therebetween a fuel metering gap when the valve member is in the open position. The abutting part of the valve member is located downstream of the metering portion with reference to a flow direction of the fuel so that the metering portion is always immersed in the fuel when the valve member is in the closed position.

Abstract: An engine fuel injector has a spring-biased valve member to be electromagnetically moved out of sealing engagement with a valve seat communicated with a fuel injection orifice. The movement of the valve member away from the valve seat is limited by engagement between a stationary stop member and a flange fixed to the valve member. The stop member and the flange have opposed faces to which magnets having the same polarity are attached to assure that the flange is kept closely spaced magnetically from the stop member during the time when the valve member is out of sealing engagement with the valve seat to cause liquid fuel to exist between the flange and the stop member at that time, whereby the squeeze force of the liquid fuel is reduced to shorten the time required for the valve-closing movement of the valve member.