Abstract: A method of making glass products includes: heating material to obtain a glass melt; heating the glass melt in a melting tank having a melting tank bottom, the glass melt having a melt volume, a melt surface, and a viscosity of 102 dPas at a temperature above 1580° C. The glass melt is heated such that at least some of the glass melt has a viscosity of 102.5 dPas or less. An amount of thermal energy introduced directly into the melt volume is more than 60% of a total amount of thermal energy introduced into the glass melt. A maximum difference between a temperature at a location on the melt surface and a temperature at a location at the melting tank bottom vertically underneath the location on the melt surface is such that a difference in glass melt densities is less than 0.05 g/cm3 per meter distance between the locations.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for melting and refining glass, glass ceramic, or ceramizable to form glass ceramic are provided. The method and apparatus refine the materials such that less than 1 bubble/kg is included in the molten and refined material and the direct CO2 emissions amount to less than 100 kg per ton of molten material during the melting and refining.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for melting down glass are provided. The method includes using microwave radiation for at least part of the energy supply for melting for transforming a batch into a glass melt. The microwave radiation captures at least part of the transition between batch and primary melt. The method and apparatus include melting assembly with a melting tank which has walls within which both the batch for melting and the molten batch can be accommodated as a glass melt, where above the batch and above the glass melt there is at least one microwave-emitting source disposed.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to a process for producing glass products and to an apparatus suitable for the purpose. In the process, a melting apparatus is provided with a melting tank for producing a glass melt from glass raw materials and a top furnace. Part of the surface of the melting region of the melting apparatus is covered with the glass raw materials and at least a small portion of the surface of the melting region is uncovered. In addition, energy is introduced in such a way that a vertical temperature difference can be established, such that the temperature of the glass melt at the base is greater than the temperature of the atmosphere in the top furnace.

Abstract: For permitting temperature manipulation of a melt even at a conductivity below 10?1 ??1 cm?1 and thus permitting refining of the melt at temperatures about 1700° C., the invention provides a method and a device for temperature manipulation of a melt (16), in particular in a refiner unit. The melt (16) is heated at least by ohmic resistance heating with at least two electrodes (4) that are arranged in the melt (16). At least a part of the melt (16) is cooled. The device (1) for temperature manipulation, refining, purification and homogenisation of a melt (16) comprises at least one arrangement for accommodating melt material (36, 16), defining an inner chamber, and at least two electrodes (4) for ohmic resistance heating of the melt (16). The electrodes (4) project into the inner chamber of the arrangement, in particular of a vessel (2).

Abstract: A method for melting inorganic materials, preferably glasses and glass-ceramics, in a melting unit with cooled walls is provided. The method includes selecting the temperature of at least one region of the melt is selected in such a way as to be in a range from Teff?20% to Teff+20%, where the temperature Teff is given by the temperature at which the energy consumption per unit weight of the material to be melted is at a minimum, with the throughput having been selected in such a way as to be suitably adapted to the required residence time.

Abstract: The invention relates to glass powder, especially a biologically active glass powder, which includes a plurality of glass particles and which is characterized by the following features: the glass particles are made up by >90% of non-spherical particles; the geometry of the individual non-spherical particle is characterized by a ratio of length to diameter of 1.1 to 105.

Abstract: For permitting temperature manipulation of a melt even at a conductivity below 10?1 ??1 cm?1 and thus permitting refining of the melt at temperatures about 1700° C., the invention provides a method and a device for temperature manipulation of a melt (16), in particular in a refiner unit. The melt (16) is heated at least by ohmic resistance heating with at least two electrodes (4) that are arranged in the melt (16). At least a part of the melt (16) is cooled. The device (1) for temperature manipulation, refining, purification and homogenisation of a melt (16) comprises at least one arrangement for accommodating melt material (36, 16), defining an inner chamber, and at least two electrodes (4) for ohmic resistance heating of the melt (16). The electrodes (4) project into the inner chamber of the arrangement, in particular of a vessel (2).

Abstract: The apparatus (300) for feeding, homogenizing, and conditioning a high viscosity glass melt for manufacturing display glass has a stirring device (110, 406), an upstream connecting part (100, 400) that connects the stirring device (110, 406) to an upstream melting and/or refining unit, and a downstream connecting part (120, 420) that connects the stirring device (110, 406) to a downstream forming or shaping device. Wall material and base material of the first and connecting parts and the stirring device (110, 406) coming in contact with the glass melt are made from a zirconium-dioxide-containing fire-resistant material containing a large amount, preferably more than 85 wt. %, of zirconium dioxide. A method of operating the apparatus to make display glass is also described.

Abstract: A heating apparatus for the conductive heating of melts, in particular for the rapid melting-down, refining and/or conditioning of melts, is provided. The heating apparatus includes at least one electrode, as well as a first cooling system with a cooling power, which can be set and/or controlled variably.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for the rapid melting of glasses in a skull crucible is provided. The method and apparatus introduce high-frequency energy into the contents of the crucible by means of a coil arrangement surrounding the skull crucible, in order to heat the melt, and the batch is laid and the molten glass discharged in the upper region of the crucible, and undissolved constituents of the batch are retained by means of a cooled bridge which is immersed in the melt. The glass is taken off above the coil arrangement and is fed for further processing without flowing through the coil region.

Abstract: A heating apparatus for the conductive heating of melts, in particular for the rapid melting-down, refining and/or conditioning of melts, is provided. The heating apparatus includes at least one electrode, as well as a first cooling system with a cooling power, which can be set and/or controlled variably.

Abstract: A structural component for a device for the treatment of melts, especially of glass melts, having a base body of metal or of a metal alloy and a cooling system in which a cooling medium is led through the structural component for the leading-off of heat. The base body is provided with a coating of a material the decomposition temperature of which lies below the temperature of the melt, and the cooling system is designed and arranged in such manner that the temperature of the boundary layer of the melt that immediately surrounds the structural component lies below the decomposition temperature of the coating material.

Abstract: This invention relates to a device and a process for introducing gases into a hot medium, whereby device (1) contains a pipe (2) for introducing gas and a cooling jacket (3) that encases pipe (2).

Abstract: The invention relates to a skull pot (1) for melting, crystallizing or refining inorganic substances. Said pot comprises a pot wall (1.1), a pot bottom (1.2), an induction coil (2) which surrounds the pot wall (1.1) and by means of which high-frequency energy can be coupled into the content of the pot. The pot wall (1.1) is formed by a ring of metal pipes which can be connected to a cooling medium. Slits are embodied between adjacent metal pipes. The bottom (1.2) is provided with a discharge for the melt (3). A sleeve (4) is allocated to the discharge. The admission end (4.1) of the sleeve (4) protrudes far into the inner chamber of the skull pot (1) in such a way that, during use, the melt (3) can be withdrawn through the crystallized bottom layer (3.3) in a controlled manner without the danger of impairing quality.

Abstract: This invention relates to a device for melting or refining glass or glass ceramics. According to the invention, such a device is provided with the following characteristics: a channel which is arranged in an essentially horizontal manner and which is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the glass melt; and an HF coil for coupling HF energy into the melt is allocated to the channel. The channel is made of a plurality of metal pipes in a similar way to a skull pot. Said pipes can be connected to a cooling medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a skull pot for melting or refining glass or glass ceramics, comprising a pot wall (1), a pot base, and an induction coil (3) which surrounds said pot wall and through which high-frequency energy can be coupled into the contents of the pot. The pot wall is made up of a ring of metal pipes (1.1) which can be connected to a cooling medium, slot-type intermediate chambers being provided between adjacent metal pipes. The pot base has a run-off for the melt. The metal pipes (1.1) that form the pot wall (1) arm short-circuited with each other above the base in order to increase the degree of efficiency of the skull pot and especially, in order to even out the temperature profile of the melt throughout the depth of the melt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the production of a glass melt. For the avoidance of the oxygen reboil the process is equipped with the following process stages or steps: a melting stage a refining stage a homogenizing and conditioning stage; in which before the homogenizing and conditioning stage the melt is heated to a temperature of over 1700° C.; in which polyvalent ions are present in the melt in a proportion of at least 0.5% by wt.

Abstract: A process for the remelting of glass bars, including the steps of introducing a glass bar into an upper end of a receiving shell; providing a molten bath having a surface underneath the receiving-shell; positioning the receiving shell such that a lower edge of the receiving shell is located at the height of the surface or above it; heating a lower end of the glass bar to a temperature above a softening temperature of the glass, resulting in a melt-off process at the lower end of the glass bar to produce a melt stream; controlling the melt-off process such that the melt stream continuously enters the molten bath proximate the surface with avoidance of a constriction; and drawing off melt from the molten bath by means of an arrangement for drop generation.

Abstract: A device for the melting or purifying of inorganic substances, in particular of glass, which comprises a number of metal tubes which may be attached to a cooling medium and which are arranged next to each other, in such a way that together they form a container, a high frequency coil for the injection of energy into the container contents and a plastic coating for the metal tubes, the decomposition temperature of which lies below the temperature of the melt. The cooling system is configured and arranged such that the temperature of the boundary layer of the melt, immediately surrounding the component, lies below that of the decomposition temperature of the coating material.