Abstract: A dispersion of a cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) that maintains a physical property even after drying and redispersing and has a long pot life is provided. A composite of the CNF and the CNC having a higher rupture strength and a higher oxygen gas barrier property is also provided. The dispersion contains a CNF having a sulfate ester group and a CNC having a sulfate ester group. The composite contains the CNF having a sulfate ester group and the CNC having a sulfate ester group.

Abstract: Provided is a composition comprising a cellulose nanofiber and a lignin or a complex thereof and a method for efficiently producing lignocellulose-derived materials from lignocellulosic biomass for completely using the lignocellulosic biomass. The present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a cellulose nanofiber having a sulfate ester group and a lignin-derived substance and a method for producing lignocellulose-derived materials.

Abstract: A sputtering apparatus 1 sputters a target 8 with ions in a plasma using a magnetron sputtering method, to form an ITO film from the target 8 on glass substrates 5 mounted on a rotating carousel 4. Manifolds 9 and 10, which have a shape that is symmetrical about each of two mutually orthogonal central axes in the plane of the target 8, are disposed so as to surround the whole periphery of the target 8, and process gas discharge ports 9a and 10a for discharging a process gas onto the target 8 are provided in a manner being distributed over the whole of the manifolds 9 and 10.