Abstract: A method for producing a liquid crystal display includes providing a first substrate having a first electrode and a second electrode on a surface of the first substrate. The first and the second electrodes are made of conductive films. A liquid crystal aligning agent is applied to the surface of the first substrate to form an alignment film on the first substrate. The liquid crystal aligning agent includes at least one of: a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure and a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond; a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure, and a component that includes a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond; or a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure and a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond, and a component that includes a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond. The second substrate is provided to form a liquid crystal cell. Light is applied to the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition is described, including a liquid crystalline compound (A), and at least one nitrogen-containing compound (B) selected from compounds represented by formula (1) and compounds represented by formula (2), wherein R? is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group that is bonded to the nitrogen atom via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, R2 and R3 are independently a divalent organic group that is bonded to the nitrogen atom via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group or *—CO—R4—, A1 is a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic ring, X1 is a cyclic ether group or a polymerizable unsaturated group, and R10 is a divalent organic group that is bonded to the primary amino group via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group.

Abstract: An optical device is described, including a switching layer that includes an anisotropic light-emitting material for absorbing and radiating light and switches alignment of the light-emitting material, an alignment layer in contact with the switching layer, an optical energy conversion means that converts the radiated light into at least one energy form selected from heat and electricity, and a light guide system that is in physical contact with the optical energy conversion means and guides the radiated light to the optical energy conversion means. The switching layer controls transmission of light through the optical device. The alignment layer includes 80 wt % or more of a polyorganosiloxane.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition is described, including a liquid crystalline compound (A), and at least one nitrogen-containing compound (B) selected from compounds represented by formula (1) and compounds represented by formula (2), wherein R? is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group that is bonded to the nitrogen atom via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, R2 and R3 are independently a divalent organic group that is bonded to the nitrogen atom via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group or *—CO—R4—, A1 is a nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic ring, X1 is a cyclic ether group or a polymerizable unsaturated group, and R10 is a divalent organic group that is bonded to the primary amino group via a chain-shaped hydrocarbon group or an alicyclic hydrocarbon group.

Abstract: A method for producing a liquid crystal display includes providing a first substrate having a first electrode and a second electrode on a surface of the first substrate. The first and the second electrodes are made of conductive films. A liquid crystal aligning agent is applied to the surface of the first substrate to form an alignment film on the first substrate. The liquid crystal aligning agent includes at least one of: a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure and a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond; a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure, and a component that includes a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond; or a polymer that includes a photoalignment structure and a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond, and a component that includes a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond. The second substrate is provided to form a liquid crystal cell. Light is applied to the liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte produced using a layer-by layer (LBL) assembly process. The solid electrolyte is assembled on a substrate by alternating exposure to dilute solutions of polycation and polyanion or hydrogen-bonding donor and hydrogen-bonding acceptor. Ethylene oxide content is introduced into the LBL film by 1) covalent grafting onto a polyionic species, 2) inclusion of an ethylene oxide (e.g. PEO) polymer as one of the two component species of a LBL assembly, or 3) the addition of ethylene oxide-containing small molecule, oligomer, or polymer to a fully assembled LBL polymer matrix. The prepared films were to be ultrathin SPE films with sound mechanical properties and ion conductivity to meet the needs of current applications, such as batteries, fuels cells, sensors and electrochromic devices.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte produced using a layer-by layer (LBL) assembly process. The solid electrolyte is assembled on a substrate by alternating exposure to dilute solutions of polycation and polyanion or hydrogen-bonding donor and hydrogen-bonding acceptor. Ethylene oxide content is introduced into the LBL film by 1) covalent grafting onto a polyionic species, 2) inclusion of an ethylene oxide (e.g. PEO) polymer as one of the two component species of a LBL assembly, or 3) the addition of ethylene oxide-containing small molecule, oligomer, or polymer to a fully assembled LBL polymer matrix. The prepared films were to be ultrathin SPE films with sound mechanical properties and ion conductivity to meet the needs of current applications, such as batteries, fuels cells, sensors and electrochromic devices.