Abstract: A light-emitting device is an S-iPM laser of M-point oscillation including a phase modulation layer. Four-direction in-plane wavenumber vectors each including a wavenumber spread corresponding to an angular spread of light output from the light-emitting device are formed on a reciprocal lattice space of the phase modulation layer. The magnitude of at least one of the in-plane wavenumber vectors is smaller than 2?/?. A predetermined phase distribution included in the phase modulation layer includes an element for focusing the light output.

Abstract: A method for producing an optical element includes: disposing a joint layer on a substrate; forming a first portion and a second portion in a second surface of the joint layer; and forming a plurality of structural bodies, which are made of a dielectric, on the second surface of the joint layer. The joint layer has a first surface facing the substrate, and the second surface located on a side opposite the first surface. The first portion is covered with a resist layer, and the second portion is exposed from the resist layer. After the dielectric is laminated on at least the second portion, the resist layer is removed to form the plurality of structural bodies on the second surface.

Abstract: An input device includes an operation member vertically movably disposed on a support, urging means for urging the operation member upward, and an inclination preventive member reducing inclination of the operation member by coupling first and second ends of the operation member in a first horizontal direction and linking vertical movements of the first and second ends together. The inclination preventive member includes a main shaft extending in the first horizontal direction and rotatably and axially supported by the support, a pair of arms extending from opposite ends of the main shaft toward an identical side of a second horizontal direction crossing the first horizontal direction, and a pair of secondary shafts extending in the first horizontal direction from distal ends of the pair of arms, and rotatably and axially supported by the first and second ends. The pair of arms include short and long arms.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser element of the present disclosure reducing one-dimensional local oscillation includes a substrate, an active layer, and a phase modulation layer. The phase modulation layer includes a base layer and modified refractive index regions two-dimensionally placed on a reference surface. In a virtual square lattice on the reference surface, the gravity center of each modified refractive index region is placed away from the corresponding lattice point, and an angle of a vector connecting the corresponding lattice point to the gravity center is set individually. A lattice spacing and a light emission wavelength of the active layer satisfy a ?-point oscillation condition. The gravity center of each modified refractive index region is placed such that the absolute value of the Fourier coefficient of an annular or a circular shape obtained by rotating each modified refractive index region with the corresponding lattice point is 0.01 or less.

Abstract: A three-dimensional measurement device includes a plurality of light source units configured to irradiate the object to be measured with measurement light having predetermined patterns, an image capture unit configured to capture an image of the object to be measured which is irradiated with the measurement light, and a measurement unit configured to measure a three-dimensional shape of the object to be measured based on results of image capture performed by the image capture unit. The predetermined patterns of the measurement light include stripe patterns, respectively. The stripe patterns radiated from the plurality of light source units have respective patterns different from each other. The plurality of light source units are arrayed in a direction parallel to stripes in the stripe patterns. The measurement unit measures the three-dimensional shape of the object to be measured based on a three-dimensional shape measurement method using the stripe pattern.

Abstract: A method for producing an optical element includes: disposing a joint layer on a substrate; forming a first portion and a second portion in a second surface of the joint layer; and forming a plurality of structural bodies, which are made of a dielectric, on the second surface of the joint layer. The joint layer has a first surface facing the substrate, and the second surface located on a side opposite the first surface. The first portion is covered with a resist layer, and the second portion is exposed from the resist layer. After the dielectric is laminated on at least the second portion, the resist layer is removed to form the plurality of structural bodies on the second surface.

Abstract: A method for producing an optical element includes: forming a resist layer on a main surface of a substrate; forming a pattern region in the resist layer; forming a groove; forming a dielectric layer covering the pattern region; and forming an optical functional portion. The pattern region is formed in the resist layer. The groove is formed in a portion corresponding to a periphery of the pattern region as viewed in a direction orthogonal to the main surface. A dielectric is deposited to form the dielectric layer. After the dielectric layer covering the pattern region is formed, the resist layer is removed to form the optical functional portion at a position where the pattern region is disposed on the main surface. The optical functional portion is made of the dielectric.

Abstract: A three-dimensional measurement device includes one or a plurality of light source units configured to irradiate the object to be measured SA with measurement light having a predetermined pattern, one or a plurality of image capture units configured to capture an image of the object to be measured which is irradiated with the measurement light, and a measurement unit configured to measure a three-dimensional shape of the object to be measured on the basis of results of image capture performed by the image capture units. The light source units are constituted by an S-iPMSEL of M-point oscillation.

Abstract: A SERS element 2 comprises a substrate 21 having a front face 21a; a fine structure part 24, formed on the front face 21a, having a plurality of pillars 27; a first conductor layer 31 formed on the front face 21a and fine structure part 24 so as to cover the front face 21a and fine structure part 24 continuously; and a second conductor layer 32 formed on the first conductor layer 31 so as to form a plurality of gaps G1, G2 for surface-enhanced Raman scattering; while the first and second conductor layers 31, 32 are constituted by the same material.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate; a fine structure part formed on a front face of the substrate and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face of the substrate and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part and the protrusions form a plurality of gaps in the conductor layer, each of the gaps having an interstice gradually decreasing in the projecting direction of the pillar.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate; a fine structure part formed on a front face of the substrate and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face of the substrate and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part and the protrusions form a plurality of gaps in the conductor layer, each of the gaps having an interstice gradually decreasing in a direction perpendicular to the projecting direction of the pillar.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate having a front face; a fine structure part formed on the front face and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part has a thickness greater than the height of the pillars.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate having a front face; a fine structure part formed on the front face and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part is formed with a plurality of grooves surrounding the respective pillars when seen in the projecting direction of the pillars, while an end part of the protrusion is located within the groove corresponding thereto.

Abstract: A SERS element 2 comprises a substrate 21 having a front face 21a; a fine structure part 24, formed on the front face 21a, having a plurality of pillars 27; a first conductor layer 31 formed on the front face 21a and fine structure part 24 so as to cover the front face 21a and fine structure part 24 continuously; and a second conductor layer 32 formed on the first conductor layer 31 so as to form a plurality of gaps G1, G2 for surface-enhanced Raman scattering; while the first and second conductor layers 31, 32 are constituted by the same material.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate having a front face; a fine structure part formed on the front face and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part has a thickness greater than the height of the pillars.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate; a fine structure part formed on a front face of the substrate and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face of the substrate and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part and the protrusions form a plurality of gaps in the conductor layer, each of the gaps having an interstice gradually decreasing in the projecting direction of the pillar.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate; a fine structure part formed on a front face of the substrate and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face of the substrate and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part and the protrusions form a plurality of gaps in the conductor layer, each of the gaps having an interstice gradually decreasing in a direction perpendicular to the projecting direction of the pillar.

Abstract: A SERS element comprises a substrate having a front face; a fine structure part formed on the front face and having a plurality of pillars; and a conductor layer formed on the fine structure part and constituting an optical function part for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The conductor layer has a base part formed along the front face and a plurality of protrusions protruding from the base part at respective positions corresponding to the pillars. The base part is formed with a plurality of grooves surrounding the respective pillars when seen in the projecting direction of the pillars, while an end part of the protrusion is located within the groove corresponding thereto.

Abstract: Provided is an electric device capable of encouraging a user to perform maintenance in a forceful manner when the performance such as safety, operation efficiency or the like decreases. In an electric device of the present invention, a control circuit controlling an operation of the actuator includes detecting means for detecting a drive condition value which varies in accordance with deterioration of one or a plurality of components forming the electric device, and output limit means for limiting an output of the actuator in accordance with the drive condition value detected by the detecting means.

Abstract: A power assist apparatus with a plurality of operating modes, which causes an object of operation to operate in one of the operating modes depending on an operating force applied thereto. The plurality of areas being demarcated based on directions in which the applied operating force works, and being associated with the plurality of operating modes. A hysteresis area is set up between each two adjacent areas of the plurality of areas. While in a first operating mode in which the operating mode to be selected is included in the plurality of operating modes, the operating mode selector selects the first operating mode when the applied operating force thus detected belongs to a hysteresis area abutting on an area associated with the first operating mode.