Abstract: An imaging diagnosis apparatus includes a first acquiring unit configured to acquire information on the number of leaves of a plant using an image of the plant, and a second acquiring unit configured to acquire the information on the number of stems of the plant using the information on the number of leaves.

Abstract: An image processing method includes acquiring an image obtained by imaging of an object, ambient light data during the imaging, and reflection characteristic data and transmission characteristic data which depend on a concentration of a material contained in the object, and separating a reflected light component and a transmitting light component in the image using the ambient light data, the reflection characteristic data, and the transmission characteristic data.

Abstract: An information processing method includes the steps of calculating information on object illumination light for illuminating an object based on spatial distribution information of illumination light and orientation information of the object, and correcting information on the reflected light so as to reduce influence of the object illumination light based on the information on the object illumination light and information on the reflected light from the object.

Abstract: An absorption layer 13 is formed above a substrate 11. The transmittance of the absorption layer 13 varies at different locations of the substrate 11. The absorption layer 13 includes a first material and a second material that have an absorption coefficient that depends on a wavelength. The extinction coefficient of the absorption layer 13 is equal to or less than 0.5 at a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm.

Abstract: An analyzer includes an acquirer configured to acquire color information on visible light and at least one of ultraviolet light and infrared light from image data, a memory configured to store reference data on the color information, and a determiner configured to determine characteristic data of an object in the image data based on the color information, the reference data, and an image capturing condition information. The image capturing condition information contains information on a spectral characteristic of illumination light in image capturing, and a spectral sensitivity curve of an image sensor and information on a spectral transmittance of an image capturing optical system.

Abstract: An optical element includes a substrate, a surface layer including thin films disposed on the substrate, and an absorption layer provided between the surface layer and the substrate and having transmittance that varies depending on a position on the substrate. The surface layer includes a first film disposed farthest from the substrate and having a refractive index of no less than 1.05 nor more than 1.4 at a wavelength of 550 nm. The surface layer includes a second film disposed closer to the substrate than the first film and having a higher refractive index than the substrate at a wavelength of 550 nm and a third film disposed adjacent to the second film and having a lower refractive index than the second film at a wavelength of 550 nm. The absorption layer has an extinction coefficient of no more than 0.5 at wavelengths of from 400 nm to 700 nm.

Abstract: An optical filter that has a region where a transmittance changes in a first direction and that includes a substrate and a first layer in order along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, a thickness of the first layer in the second direction changes in the first direction, and an extinction coefficient of the first layer satisfies a predetermined conditional expression.

Abstract: An absorption layer 13 is formed above a substrate 11. The transmittance of the absorption layer 13 varies at different locations of the substrate 11. The absorption layer 13 includes a first material and a second material that have an absorption coefficient that depends on a wavelength. The extinction coefficient of the absorption layer 13 is equal to or less than 0.5 at a wavelength of 400 nm to 700 nm.

Abstract: The image capturing apparatus includes an image sensor including multiple pixels each including at least one photoelectric convertor and a transmittance distribution provider to provide, to at least part of the multiple pixels, a transmittance distribution depending on an incident angle of light. The multiple pixels includes an adjacent pixel group that includes a first pixel and second pixels adjacent to the first pixel, the adjacent pixel group including pixels to which mutually different four or more kinds of the transmittance distributions are provided. The apparatus produces, by using an input image produced from an output of the image sensor and information on the transmittance distributions, an output image corresponding to an optical observation image observable when an object space is observed from a partial area of a pupil of an imaging optical system.

Abstract: An analyzer includes an acquirer configured to acquire color information on visible light and at least one of ultraviolet light and infrared light from image data, a memory configured to store reference data on the color information, and a determiner configured to determine characteristic data of an object in the image data based on the color information, the reference data, and an image capturing condition information. The image capturing condition information contains information on a spectral characteristic of illumination light in image capturing, and a spectral sensitivity curve of an image sensor and information on a spectral transmittance of an image capturing optical system.

Abstract: An information processing method includes the steps of calculating information on object illumination light for illuminating an object based on spatial distribution information of illumination light and orientation information of the object, and correcting information on the reflected light so as to reduce influence of the object illumination light based on the information on the object illumination light and information on the reflected light from the object.

Abstract: An optical filter that has a region where a transmittance changes in a first direction and that includes a substrate and a first layer in order along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, a thickness of the first layer in the second direction changes in the first direction, and an extinction coefficient of the first layer satisfies a predetermined conditional expression.

Abstract: An optical element includes a substrate, an antireflection film provided on the substrate, and an absorption layer provided between the substrate and the antireflection film. The optical element satisfies the following conditional expressions: 0.01?k(?550)?0.15 and k(?400)/?400<k(?700)/?700, where k(?) is an extinction coefficient of the absorption layer at a wavelength ?, ?550 is a wavelength of light having a wavelength of 550 nm, ?400 is a wavelength of light having a wavelength of 400 nm, and ?700 is a wavelength of light having a wavelength of 700 nm. The absorption layer absorbs at least part of light incident thereupon to correct coloring of transmitted light.

Abstract: An optical element includes a substrate, a surface layer including thin films disposed on the substrate, and an absorption layer provided between the surface layer and the substrate and having transmittance that varies depending on a position on the substrate. The surface layer includes a first film disposed farthest from the substrate and having a refractive index of no less than 1.05 nor more than 1.4 at a wavelength of 550 nm. The surface layer includes a second film disposed closer to the substrate than the first film and having a higher refractive index than the substrate at a wavelength of 550 nm and a third film disposed adjacent to the second film and having a lower refractive index than the second film at a wavelength of 550 nm. The absorption layer has an extinction coefficient of no more than 0.5 at wavelengths of from 400 nm to 700 nm.

Abstract: An optical system includes a plurality of lenses, a diaphragm configured to adjust a light amount, and an optical element having a transmittance distribution. A transmittance of the optical element satisfies predetermined conditions. In addition, another predetermined condition is satisfied when the diaphragm is fully opened.

Abstract: An image-pickup unit includes an image sensor and a color filter. Each filter segment of the color filter corresponds to one of a plurality of pixels of the image sensor, and the plurality of filter segments include first to Z-th (2L?1?Z?2L, where L is an integer equal to or larger than four) filter segments having spectral transmittances for transmitted wavelength bands different from each other among light from an object. Each pixel of the image sensor receives light of a plurality of wavelength bands. The plurality of filter segments are irregularly disposed.

Abstract: An optical element includes a first optical component, a second optical component cemented to the first optical component, and a third optical component cemented to the second optical component. At least either one of the first and third optical components and the second optical component are cemented to each other via a cement member. Following conditional expressions are satisfied: ?0.5<Log(E1×E3/E22)<10, and ?0.2<Log(E2/Ec)<10, where Young's moduli of the first to third optical components and the cement member are respectively denoted by E1, E2, E3, and Ec.

Abstract: The image capturing apparatus includes an image sensor including multiple pixels each including at least one photoelectric convertor and a transmittance distribution provider to provide, to at least part of the multiple pixels, a transmittance distribution depending on an incident angle of light. The multiple pixels includes an adjacent pixel group that includes a first pixel and second pixels adjacent to the first pixel, the adjacent pixel group including pixels to which mutually different four or more kinds of the transmittance distributions are provided. The apparatus produces, by using an input image produced from an output of the image sensor and information on the transmittance distributions, an output image corresponding to an optical observation image observable when an object space is observed from a partial area of a pupil of an imaging optical system.

Abstract: An optical system includes a plurality of lenses, a diaphragm configured to adjust a light amount, and an optical element having a transmittance distribution. A transmittance of the optical element satisfies predetermined conditions. In addition, another predetermined condition is satisfied when the diaphragm is fully opened.

Abstract: An image-pickup unit includes an image sensor and a color filter. Each filter segment of the color filter corresponds to one of a plurality of pixels of the image sensor, and the plurality of filter segments include first to Z-th (2L?Z?2L, where L is an integer equal to or larger than four) filter segments having spectral transmittances for transmitted wavelength bands different from each other among light from an object. Each pixel of the image sensor receives light of a plurality of wavelength bands. The plurality of filter segments are irregularly disposed.