Abstract: Provided are a segment, a combination oil ring, and a manufacturing method for a segment, which are capable of preventing independent rotation of the segment while dealing with reduction in tension of the combination oil ring. Specifically, provided is a segment being slidable in an axial direction of a cylinder under a state in which an inner peripheral surface of the segment is pressed by ear portions formed in an expander spacer in a circumferential direction and an outer periphery side of the segment is pressed against an inner wall of the cylinder, in which the inner peripheral surface of the segment has at least two or more dross-projecting portions in the circumferential direction, and the dross-projecting portions have a projection height of from 4 ?m to 25 ?m.

Abstract: Provided are a segment, a combination oil ring, and a manufacturing method for a segment, which are capable of preventing independent rotation of the segment while dealing with reduction in tension of the combination oil ring. Specifically, provided is a segment being slidable in an axial direction of a cylinder under a state in which an inner peripheral surface of the segment is pressed by ear portions formed in an expander spacer in a circumferential direction and an outer periphery side of the segment is pressed against an inner wall of the cylinder, in which the inner peripheral surface of the segment has at least two or more dross-projecting portions in the circumferential direction, and the dross-projecting portions have a projection height of from 4 ?m to 25 ?m.

Abstract: In a combination oil ring, when a line passing through a center of a segment width is a first intermediate line, a length of a line segment between a position on an engine combustion chamber side and a position on a side distant from the engine combustion chamber on a contour curve at a position at a distance of 3 ?m from an outer peripheral vertex toward an inner peripheral side in a segment radial direction is L, and an intermediate line of the line segment L is a second intermediate line, the second intermediate line is located on the side more distant from the engine combustion chamber than the first intermediate line, and the outer periphery vertex of the segment is located on the second intermediate line or on the side more distant from the engine combustion chamber than the second intermediate line.

Abstract: In a combination oil ring, when a line passing through a center of a segment width is a first intermediate line, a length of a line segment between a position on an engine combustion chamber side and a position on a side distant from the engine combustion chamber on a contour curve at a position at a distance of 3 ?m from an outer peripheral vertex toward an inner peripheral side in a segment radial direction is L, and an intermediate line of the line segment L is a second intermediate line, the second intermediate line is located on the side more distant from the engine combustion chamber than the first intermediate line, and the outer periphery vertex of the segment is located on the second intermediate line or on the side more distant from the engine combustion chamber than the second intermediate line.

Abstract: A testing apparatus using a scanning electron microscope for enabling tests and measurements on any part of a test subject in a nondestructive way without being limited by a size of the test subject, which is, a testing apparatus 1 using a scanning electron microscope for performing tests and measurements on any part of a test subject in a nondestructive way by using a scanning electron microscope 6a, comprising a local vacuum formation portion 9 for forming a local vacuum region by blocking around a part to be tested of the test subject from the outside air, wherein the local vacuum formation portion comprises an exhaust portion for exhausting to form a partial vacuum region, a float means 14 for floating the whole local vacuum formation portion above the test subject by emitting a compressed gas to an outer circumference portion of the local vacuum formation portion and a length measuring means 16 for measuring a distance between the test subject and the local vacuum formation portion for controlling floati

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a monitoring apparatus adapted for monitoring panoramic image obtained by picking up images of photographic range while successively changing photographic direction, and serves to successively record, at a server (53), every unit image, panoramic images obtained by picking up images of photographic range while successively changing photographic direction to compare luminance levels for each original color component between one unit image selected from the server and unit image on the same photographic direction which is recorded prior to the unit image to display, through a display (6), on the basis of the comparison result thereof, a predetermined information every unit images constituting the panoramic image to thereby pay attention to user.

Abstract: A testing apparatus using a scanning electron microscope for enabling tests and measurements on any part of a test subject in a nondestructive way without being limited by a size of the test subject, which is, a testing apparatus 1 using a scanning electron microscope for performing tests and measurements on any part of a test subject in a nondestructive way by using a scanning electron microscope 6a, comprising a local vacuum formation portion 9 for forming a local vacuum region by blocking around a part to be tested of the test subject from the outside air, wherein the local vacuum formation portion comprises an exhaust portion for exhausting to form a partial vacuum region, a float means 14 for floating the whole local vacuum formation portion above the test subject by emitting a compressed gas to an outer circumference portion of the local vacuum formation portion and a length measuring means 16 for measuring a distance between the test subject and the local vacuum formation portion for controlling floati

Abstract: A device for inspecting the surface of a disc-shaped recording medium is provided. The inspection device is capable of performing track control unaffected by the widths of the land and the groove in the radial direction of the recording medium in inspecting the entire surface of a data recording region of the recording medium. The device has a spindle motor 1, an optical pickup 2 and a thread motor 3. While an output signal is supplied from a spot size control section 4b within a signal detection unit 4, two sub-beams are radiated from the optical pickup for tracking control. These sub-beams are radiated to the vicinity of the boundary region between the land sandwiched between the grooves where the light volume of the reflected light of the radiated light is minimized.

Abstract: In a control apparatus for a hydraulically operated vehicular transmission having a plurality of speed stages to be established by a selecting operation of a plurality of hydraulic clutches, when a command to downshift to G(N-2) is issued in the course of downshifting to G(N-1) and a flag FTBD is set to 1, a control is performed to accelerate the time of completion of the downshifting control to G(N-1). When that oil temperature in the transmission which is detected by an oil temperature sensor is lower than a predetermined value, the setting of FTBD to 1 is prohibited. Therefore, at the time of low oil temperature, the downshifting to G(N-1) is performed in an ordinary manner. At the time of starting of the downshifting control from G(N-1) to G(N-2), the hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic clutch for the speed stage G(N-1) is sufficiently increased. A smooth downshifting to G(N-2) can thus be smoothly performed without the occurrence of excessive engine racing.

Abstract: A particle of titanium compounds is in the form of a fine agglomerate comprising crystals of an alkaline-earth metal titanate represented by RTiO.sub.3 wherein R is an alkaline-earth metal and crystals of an alkali metal titanate represented by M.sub.2 Ti.sub.n O.sub.2n+1 wherein M is an alkali metal and n is an integer of 2 to 6, or these two kinds of crystals and crystals of titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), the two or three kinds of crystals being mingled together. A powder composed of such particles is produced by preparing a mixture from RO wherein R is an alkaline-earth metal or an alkaline-earth metal compound becoming RO when heated, M.sub.2 O wherein M is an alkali metal or an alkali metal compound becoming M.sub.2 O when heated, and TiO.sub.2 or a titanium compound becoming TiO.sub.2 when heated, in a ratio so that Z.gtoreq.X+mY wherein Z is the number of moles of TiO.sub.2, X is the number of moles of RO, Y is the number of moles of M.sub.

Abstract: A aluminum alloy in the form of bulk includes an aluminum matrix and carbon particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less and dispersed in the aluminum matrix in an amount of 1 to 40 atomic % with respect to the total atoms constituting the aluminum alloy. The aluminum alloy is produced by preparing a raw material comprising aluminum and carbon as components and forming an aluminum alloy by inserting the raw material into a cavity formed by a set of dies and applying repeatedly plastic deformation to the raw material while maintaining the temperature of the raw material in the range of from 100 to 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for producing an aluminum alloy in the form of mass includes: preparing as a material to be formed a mixed powder of aluminum and at least one kind of metal or non-metallic substance selected from the elements belonging to Groups 4a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7a and 8a of the periodic table and boron, or a compact or a cast material formed of the mixed powder; placing the material to be formed in a die, and performing plastic deformation repeatedly on the material to be formed at 100.degree. to 400.degree. in an inert atmosphere while retaining at least part of the material to be formed in a confined state, so as to cause diffusion reaction between phases constituting the material to be formed, thereby forming the quasi-stable phase composed mainly of amorphous phases and/or supersaturated solid solution phases.

Abstract: A process for ion nitriding aluminum material which comprises the steps of placing an object of aluminum or aluminum alloy for treatment in a closed vessel; evacuating residual oxygen gas from said closed vessel; charging said closed vessel with a heating gas and inducing discharges in said closed vessel, thereby heating the surface of the object for treatment to a prescribed nitriding temperature; charging said closed vessel with a surface-roughening gas composed of a rare gas and 5-2000 ppm of a gas containing at least one element of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, and roughening the surface of the object for treatment by means of glow discharges or ion beams in the atmosphere of said surface roughening gas; and charging said closed vessel with a nitriding gas and simultaneously inducing glow discharges in said closed vessel, thereby forming a nitride layer on the surface of the object for treatment.

Abstract: A surface layer which is composed of the carbonitride of at least one of vanadium and chromium is formed on an article made of iron or an iron alloy if the article, a material containing at least one of vanadium and chromium and a treating agent are heated together. The treating agent may be composed of at least one of the cyanides and cyanates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The layer adhering closely to the article can be formed efficiently at a temperature which is so low that virtually no thermal strain may develop in the article.

Abstract: A surface layer which is composed of the carbonitride of molybdenum is formed on an article made of iron or an iron alloy by heating the article in the presence of a material containing molybdenum and a treating agent. The treating agent may be composed of at least one of the cyandides and cyanates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The layer adhering closely to the article can be formed efficiently at a temperature which is so low that virtually no thermal strain may develop in the article.

Abstract: A layer of a nitride or carbonitride containing at least one of chromium, Group Va elements, titanium and zirconium is formed on the surface of an iron alloy material which has been nitrided. The layer is formed by heating the iron alloy material at a temperature not exceeding 700.degree. C. with a material containing at least one of chromium, Group Va elements, titanium and zirconium and a treating agent. It is a dense layer bonded tightly to the iron alloy material. As a low temperature not exceeding 700.degree. C. is employed, no large amount of heat energy is required, nor is any thermal strain produced in the iron alloy material.

Abstract: A process for ion nitriding aluminum or an aluminum alloy as an article to be treated, in which: the article is disposed in a sealed vessel; the oxygen gas in the vessel is removed; the surface of the article is heated to a prescribed nitriding temperature; the surface of the article is activated to facilitate the formation of an aluminum nitride layer by the subsequent nitriding treatment; and thereafter the article is subjected to ion nitriding, thereby forming an aluminum nitride layer having excellent wear resistance and high hardness. This ion nitriding treatment for aluminum material can be carried out even at temperatures lower than a solution treatment temperature of aluminum material.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a boride dispersion copper alloy by preparing a metallic material having a surface portion comprising at least one of beryllium, gallium, manganese, nickel, palladium, silicon and vanadium, and copper or an alloy thereof, and diffusing boron into the surface portion. The resulting material includes fine boride particles uniformly dispersed in the surface portion and is useful as a material for electrical contacts or sliding parts due to its high resistance to adhesion, wear and arc, and excellent electrical conductivity and sliding properties.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a boride dispersed copper alloy by preparing a metallic material having a surface portion comprising at least one of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mo, Nb, Pt, Ta, W and Zr, and copper or an alloy thereof, and diffusing boron into the surface portion. The resulting material includes fine boride particles uniformly dispersed in the surface portion and is useful as a material for electrical contacts or sliding parts due to its high wear, adhesion and arc resistance and high electrical conductivity.

Abstract: A method for forming a carbide layer on the surface of a carbon-containing ferrous alloy article or a cemented carbide article in a molten treating bath. The bath is prepared by introducing 5 to 20% by weight of alumina into molten boric acid or borate bath and a carbide-forming element dissolved therein. By employing the treating bath of this invention, the life of the bath can be remarkably improved, and no sintered substance of undissolved carbide-forming element is produced in the treating bath. Further, it is possible to reduce markedly the corrosion of the article and of the vessel holding the bath.