Abstract: An electrode material includes an active material particle and a solid electrolyte particle. The solid electrolyte particle includes Li, M, and X, wherein M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements excluding Li and metalloid elements, and X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I. The ratio R1 of the volume of the active material particle to the sum of the volume of the active material particle and the volume of the solid electrolyte particle is greater than or equal to 10% and less than 65% when expressed as percentage. The ratio R2 of the average particle diameter of the active material particle to the average particle diameter of the solid electrolyte particle is greater than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 3.4.

Abstract: In a non-agitated, countercurrent flow type liquid-liquid contacting tower, trays consisting of column plates and dams are installed horizontally inside the tower shell alternately in vertical direction with a suitable interval. The column plate share a part of the cross-section of the tower to provide a flow channel or channels for the liquids, and the dam extends from the end of the column plate vertically downward and has openings near the column plate. The liquid-liquid contactor has high contacting efficiency, and thus relatively small sized apparatus can have a large treatment capacity. Because the apparatus has no moving element, maintenance is easy.

Abstract: Phenols such as cresol, phenol and xylenol etc. are obtained by thermal decomposition of a lignin-containing material in a state of a mixture of the lignin-containing material and a double ring aromatic hydrocarbon solvent.Spent liquid of a solvolysis pulping process can be used as the lignin-containing raw material in the present invention for manufacturing phenols, and the phenols obtained can be utilized as the solvent in the solvolysis process resulting in cost reduction in the pulp production process by self-supplying the necessary solvent in the solvolysis process.

Abstract: A feed liquid (sugar-containing liquid) is continuously fed to a fermenter packed with an immobilized microorganism, which is obtained by immobilizing an alcohol producing microorganism on a carrier, for alcohol fermentation. The fermentation liquid is continuously taken out of said fermenter and is heated to a temperature of 35.degree. to 80.degree. C. This liquid is introduced into a flash tank maintained at reduced pressure and is divided into an alcohol-containing steam and a liquid. The alcohol-containing steam is condensed and recovered as alcohol, while the separated liquid is cooled and is cycled back to said fermenter.