Abstract: A method of making a solar cell has the following steps: (1) Formation of a surface layer including a dopant on a silicon substrate wherein the surface layer has a higher laser absorption index than the silicon substrate. (2) Irradiation by laser of the surface layer to form a junction in the silicon substrate.

Abstract: A secondary electron multiplication target includes first and second porous layers laminated on a signal electrode. The first porous layer is formed of MgF.sub.2 which, having a high secondary electron emitting ratio and a dielectric constant of 6 or less, produces a great number of secondary electrons in response to photoelectrons incident thereupon across the signal electrode. The second porous layer is formed of carbon which has a low secondary electron emitting ratio and hence a high crossover potential, as well as a dielectric constant of 6 or less.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprises a display electrode, a counter electrode spaced from the display electrode, an electrolyte filled in the space between the display electrode and the counter electrode, and an electrochromic coloring layer formed on the display electrode to constitute a display section. That surface of the coloring layer which contacts the electrolyte has a higher density than that of the remaining portion. Preferably, both surface portions of the coloring layer which contact the electrolyte and the display electrode, respectively are more dense than the remaining portion.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprises a display electrode, a counter electrode spaced from the display electrode, an electrolyte filled in the space between the display and counter electrodes, a first coloring layer formed on the display electrode and a second coloring layer laid on the first coloring layer. The first coloring layer is a crystalline layer containing electrochromic material and having a specific pattern. The second coloring layer is an amorphous layer containing electrochromic material.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an input screen for an image intensifier which comprises the steps of thermally depositing a phosphor layer of alkaline metal halide on one side of a substrate to provide a phosphor layer formed of columnar crystals extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate; treating the surface of the phosphor layer by a liquid material of low boiling point and incapable of dissolving the phosphor, thereby producing cracks extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate in said phosphor layer; and forming a photoemissive layer on the surface of the phosphor layer, thereby enabling the phosphor layer to have a high light-guiding property and ensuring the prominent elevation of the resolving power of an image intensifier.

Abstract: An input screen of an image intensifier comprises an aluminum substrate with electrochemically deposited netty protrusions, a phosphor layer formed on the substrate and including a large number of columnar blocks defined by cracks extending from the tops of the netty protrusions toward the surface of the layer, and a photocathode deposited on the phosphor layer directly or through a protective layer.

Abstract: An image intensifier having a CsI phosphor input screen. The input screen comprises a substrate of aluminum, a plurality of small mosaic blocks secured on the substrate, a plurality of grooves intervening between adjacent blocks, a plurality of metallic protrusions formed on the grooves, a plurality of phosphor blocks grown on the mosaic blocks and optically isolated from each other by the protrusions and a photocathode deposited on the phosphor blocks. The metallic protrusions cause a phosphor layer when deposited on the mosaic blocks to divide without cracking into the plurality of phosphor blocks. The upper surface of the divided layer is even, permitting the photocathode film to be deposited thereon.

Abstract: An electrochromic display device comprising a first electrode composed of a substrate and a patterned conductive film formed thereon, an electrochromic material layer formed to cover the entire surface of the conductive film, a counter electrode disposed a predetermined distance apart from the first electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between these two electrodes.

Abstract: An input screen of an image intensifier comprises an aluminium substrate with a mosaic surface made by anodizing, sealing process and heat treatment and a fluorescent layer deposited on the mosaic surface of the substrate and includes a large number of columnar blocks defined by the cracks extending from the substrate.

Abstract: An electrochromic display having enlarged surface area of the electrochromic material for rapid coloration and rapid bleaching yet fabricated so as to prevent corrosion of the electrode by the electrolyte. In a first embodiment, the display includes a conductive electrode formed on a substrate; a protective layer formed on the conductive electrode; a porous layer of an electrochromic material formed on the protective layer; a counter electrode formed apart from the porous layer; and an electrolyte disposed between the porous layer and the counter electrode. The protective layer is fabricated from a dense layer of an electrochromic material and the conductive electrode is fabricated from a metal non-reactive with the electrolyte. The porous layer is in direct contact with the conductive electrode. In a second embodiment, the electrode is made from a conductive material that is non-reactive with the electrolyte.

Abstract: A secondary electron multiplication target for a secondary electron conduction type which comprises a conductive support layer and a secondary electron emitting layer deposited on the support layer. This secondary electron emitting layer is a porous layer consisting of fine particles of a humidity proof substance having higher melting point and electric resistance than MgO, for example, MgF.sub.2. This porous layer consists mainly of primary particles each having an average particle size of scores of angstroms to five hundred angstroms.