Abstract: A method of manufacturing an emitter is disclosed. The method enables a crystal structure of the tip of the front end of the emitter to return to its original state with high reproducibility by rearranging atoms in a treatment, and enables a long lasting emitter to be attained by suppressing extraction voltage rise after the treatment. As a method of manufacturing an emitter having a sharpened needle-shape, the method includes: performing an electropolishing process for the front end of an emitter material having conductivity to taper toward the front end; and performing an etching to make the number of atoms constituting the tip of the front end be a predetermined number or less by further sharpening the front end through an electric field-induced gas etching having constantly applied voltage, while observing the crystal structure of the front end, by a field ion microscope, in a sharp portion having the front end at its apex.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an emitter is disclosed. The method enables a crystal structure of the tip of the front end of the emitter to return to its original state with high reproducibility by rearranging atoms in a treatment, and enables a long lasting emitter to be attained by suppressing extraction voltage rise after the treatment. As a method of manufacturing an emitter having a sharpened needle-shape, the method includes: performing an electropolishing process for the front end of an emitter material having conductivity to taper toward the front end; and performing an etching to make the number of atoms constituting the tip of the front end be a predetermined number or less by further sharpening the front end through an electric field-induced gas etching having constantly applied voltage, while observing the crystal structure of the front end, by a field ion microscope, in a sharp portion having the front end at its apex.

Abstract: A method of forming a film on a base member disposed in a reactor comprises introducing an organic gas into the reactor for use as a starting material for the film, and a dilute gas including an inert gas, irradiating a surface of the base member with vacuum ultraviolet rays; and forming the film on the base member under a normal pressure atmosphere.

Abstract: A label/window position detecting device includes a conveyor, light-emitting elements, a lens, linear image sensors, image processors, and coordinate calculation units. The conveyor conveys a target object having a label/window. The light-emitting elements illuminate the target object which is being conveyed by the conveyor. The lens forms an image of the target object illuminated with the light-emitting elements. The linear image sensors photoelectrically convert image light incident through the lens into image signals. The image processors binarize the image signals obtained from the linear image sensors into monochrome binary image signals, using a predetermined threshold. The coordinate calculation units calculate a label/window position of the target object on the basis of the binary image signals from the image processors, which correspond to a label/window edge portion. A method of detecting a label/window position is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing a phosphinylamino acid derivative of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a lower alkyl group, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a halo-lower alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, and R.sup.3 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, which comprises reacting a compound of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above, and/or a compound of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above, with a compound of the formula:R.sup.3 CONH.sub.2 (IV)wherein R.sup.3 is as defined above, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst containing a metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table.