Abstract: A thin-film transistor array has an insulating substrate; a plurality of thin-film transistors disposed in a matrix form on the substrate; a plurality of gate bus lines formed parallel to each other on the substrate, each of the gate bus lines being connected electrically with the gate electrodes of the thin-film transistors in the corresponding row of the matrix; and a plurality of source bus lines formed perpendicular to the gate bus lines on the substrate, each of the source bus lines being connected electrically with the source electrodes of the thin-film transistors in the corresponding column of the matrix; wherein at the intersections of the gate bus lines and the source bus lines, there is disposed a layered structure between the gate bus line and the source bus line, having successively a gate insulating film, a first semiconductor film, a protective insulating film, and a second semiconductor film which is connected electrically with the source intersections, wherein the width of the protective insu

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprising a pair of insulating substrates, a large number of picture element electrodes disposed into a matrix on the inner surface of one of the pair of substrates, a function element electrically connected to each of the picture element electrodes, and a liquid crystal layer charged between the pair of substrates, wherein the display apparatus further comprises on one of the substrate, an insulating protective film made of inorganic nitrides or inorganic oxides the insulating protective film being formed on the picture element electrode except for areas that constitute window regions, and an orientation film of a polyimide resin formed on the entire surface of the insulating protective film and window region, the orientation film has been rubbing-processed, whereby the occurrence of an internal polarization phenomenon can be prevented when a polyimide resin is used for the orientation film.