Abstract: A semiconductor memory device comprises a substrate; a mold structure on the substrate; a plurality of channel structures extending in the mold structure; a source layer and a source sacrificial layer between the substrate and the mold structure, wherein the source sacrificial layer is spaced apart from the source layer; and a source support layer on the source layer and the source sacrificial layer, wherein the source support layer is between the source layer and the source sacrificial layer, wherein an upper surface of the source support layer includes first and second portions extending parallel to the substrate, and a third portion that connects the first and second portions, wherein a vertical distance from an upper surface of the source layer to the first portion is smaller than a vertical distance from an upper surface of the substrate to the second portion.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and medium for controlling image orientation are disclosed. An orientation mode detector measures multi-directional rotational angles of a display panel and determines an orientation mode for original image data based on the measured rotational angles. A system memory stores orientation parameters corresponding to a plurality of image orientation modes. A system controller initially acquires information indicating the orientation mode from the orientation mode detector, and it extracts orientation parameters corresponding to the acquired information from the system memory. Finally, a driver changes an orientation of the original image data according to the extracted orientation parameters.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and medium for controlling image orientation are disclosed. An orientation mode detector measures multi-directional rotational angles of a display panel and determines an orientation mode for original image data based on the measured rotational angles. A system memory stores orientation parameters corresponding to a plurality of image orientation modes. A system controller initially acquires information indicating the orientation mode from the orientation mode detector, and it extracts orientation parameters corresponding to the acquired information from the system memory. Finally, a driver changes an orientation of the original image data according to the extracted orientation parameters.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, its gene, and its use in the treatment of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver. The expression of the IDPc gene and the concomitant increase in IDPc level bring about an increase in the cellular level of NADPH, which causes the lipid deposition in adipocytes, leading to obesity and fatty liver. A decrease in the cellular level of NADPH, resulting from the suppression of the gene expression of IDPc, has the effect of inhibiting the lipid deposition in adipocytes. Further, by taking advantage of the suppressive or inhibitory effects of isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors, pharmaceutically effective materials for the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver can be developed.