Abstract: An optical device includes: a transparent substrate and a coherent transparent layer enclosing the substrate in at least three places, which: forms a plurality of first optical lenses on a first surface and forms a plurality of second optical lenses on a second surface of the substrate arranged opposite the first surface, the transparent layer having a predetermined thickness. A method of manufacturing the optical device is also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a plastic granulate (16), in which a process fluid (12) is contained in a process chamber (10) where an underwater granulation takes place and the process fluid in the process chamber has a temperature greater than 120° C. A process pressure of at least 2.0 bar is obtained in the process chamber, at which a granulation of the plastic strands (14) into plastic granulate occurs. From the process chamber, a mixture (18) of process fluid and plastic granulate is diverted into a first cooling zone (25) during cooling of the plastic granulate, while maintaining the process pressure. In a first separating device (22), the plastic granulate is separated from the process fluid under process pressure. In the process chamber, the process fluid has a temperature in the range from 120° C. to 160° C., and the process pressure obtained there is greater than the pressure of the vapour pressure curve of the process fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a plastic granulate (16), in which a process fluid (12) is contained in a process chamber (10) where an underwater granulation takes place and the process fluid in the process chamber has a temperature greater than 120° C. A process pressure of at least 2.0 bar is obtained in the process chamber, at which a granulation of the plastic strands (14) into plastic granulate occurs. From the process chamber, a mixture (18) of process fluid and plastic granulate is diverted into a first cooling zone (25) during cooling of the plastic granulate, while maintaining the process pressure. In a first separating device (22), the plastic granulate is separated from the process fluid under process pressure. In the process chamber, the process fluid has a temperature in the range from 120° C. to 160° C., and the process pressure obtained there is greater than the pressure of the vapour pressure curve of the process fluid.

Abstract: A method and a device for operating an exhaust gas recirculation of a self-ignition internal combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, the internal combustion engine including an air system for controlling the air supply into at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and it being provided in particular that a dynamic operating state of the internal combustion engine is detected and, in the event of a detected dynamic operating state, a corrective intervention in the air system of the internal combustion engine is carried out.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing a differential pressure sensor situated in an air duct of an internal combustion engine, including: selecting a tolerance range for an output signal of the differential pressure sensor, within which a predetermined pressure difference is to be interpreted; and ignoring an error, in which the output signal of the differential pressure sensor falls out of the tolerance range, if, first of all, a predetermined operating situation prevails, in which the predetermined pressure difference is considered to be applied to the differential pressure sensor, and secondly, a disturbance pressure is detected in the air duct.

Abstract: A method for repairing run-in coatings is provided. The method includes the steps of filling a damaged site of the run-in coating with a filling material having a material composition that corresponds to a material composition of the run-in coating or is comparable to the material composition of the run-in coating or having material properties that are comparable to material properties of the run-in coating; drying the filling material that has been filled into the damaged site; depositing a donor diffusion layer over an area of the damaged site and onto the dried filling material; and thermally treating the run-in coating at least in the area of the damaged site to locally diffuse at least one metallic element from the donor diffusion layer into the filling material.

Abstract: A method for correcting an offset for a pressure difference measured using a differential pressure sensor situated in an air duct. The offset is computed using an output signal of a pressure sensor, including: transferring the air duct into a predetermined operating situation in which a predetermined pressure difference is considered to be applied to the differential pressure sensor, measuring a level of the output signal in the predetermined operating situation, and computing the offset based on the measured level of the output signal.

Abstract: A running-in coating for a compressor housing is disclosed. The running-in coating has at least two layers where a first layer is dimensionally stable and at least one additional layer has run-in capability.

Abstract: A method and a device for operating an exhaust gas recirculation of a self-ignition internal combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle, the internal combustion engine including an air system for controlling the air supply into at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and it being provided in particular that a dynamic operating state of the internal combustion engine is detected and, in the event of a detected dynamic operating state, a corrective intervention in the air system of the internal combustion engine is carried out.

Abstract: A method for correcting an offset for a pressure difference measured using a differential pressure sensor situated in an air duct. The offset is computed using an output signal of a pressure sensor, including: transferring the air duct into a predetermined operating situation in which a predetermined pressure difference is considered to be applied to the differential pressure sensor, measuring a level of the output signal in the predetermined operating situation, and computing the offset based on the measured level of the output signal.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing a differential pressure sensor situated in an air duct of an internal combustion engine, including: selecting a tolerance range for an output signal of the differential pressure sensor, within which a predetermined pressure difference is to be interpreted; and ignoring an error, in which the output signal of the differential pressure sensor falls out of the tolerance range, if, first of all, a predetermined operating situation prevails, in which the predetermined pressure difference is considered to be applied to the differential pressure sensor, and secondly, a disturbance pressure is detected in the air duct.

Abstract: A process for production of polyethylene terephthalate pellets includes the steps of: production of a melt of polyethylene terephthalate material; production of polyethylene terephthalate pellets from the melt by means of underwater pelletization into a process fluid; removal of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets from the site of underwater pelletization in the process fluid; crystallization of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets in the process fluid, wherein a surface of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets is crystallized and an interior of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets remains amorphous.

Abstract: Described is a method for operating an internal combustion engine (1), in which method at least one parameter of the exhaust gas flowing in an exhaust-gas duct (10) is detected by at least one exhaust-gas probe (30; 32), wherein the internal combustion engine (1) is at least temporarily turned over by a starting device (3), during which an injection and combustion of fuel does not take place, and during and/or after which the exhaust-gas probe (30; 32) is adjusted.

Abstract: A steering wheel arrangement for a motor vehicle is provided including a steering wheel, which can be arranged in a rotationally displaceable manner in the motor vehicle, a stationary module which defines a steering axle, whereon the steering wheel is rotationally mounted about the steering axle, and first actuation elements which are arranged on the steering wheel in order to actuate functional elements of the motor vehicle which are arranged in or on the motor vehicle. The arrangement also includes at least one second actuation element which is arranged on the stationary module and which is used to actuate functional elements of the motor vehicle which can be arranged in or on the motor vehicle. According to one form of the invention, a central electronic control element is arranged in the steering wheel, which is fitted in order to control first actuation elements and also in order to control at least one second actuation element.

Abstract: A process for production of polyethylene terephthalate pellets includes the steps of: production of a melt of polyethylene terephthalate material; production of polyethylene terephthalate pellets from the melt by means of underwater pelletization into a process fluid; removal of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets from the site of underwater pelletization in the process fluid; crystallization of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets in the process fluid, wherein a surface of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets is crystallized and an interior of the polyethylene terephthalate pellets remains amorphous.

Abstract: A method of inductively transmitting energy and information between an energy transmitter comprising a primary inductor and an energy receiver comprising a secondary inductor, wherein energy is transmitted from the energy transmitter to the energy receiver by applying an alternating voltage to the primary inductor to generate a primary alternating current in the primary inductor, thereby inducing a secondary alternating current in the secondary inductor. The information is transmitted from the energy transmitter to the energy receiver essentially only in a dedicated first section of the cycle of the alternating voltage by varying the amplitude of the alternating voltage; and information is transmitted from the energy receiver to the energy transmitter essentially only in a dedicated second section of the cycle by varying the secondary inductor's power absorption, the second section not overlapping with the first section.

Abstract: In a method for operating an internal combustion engine having exhaust gas recirculation, air is supplied to at least one combustion chamber via an intake manifold at least partially closable with the aid of a final control element, and a part of the exhaust gases flowing into an exhaust pipe is conducted via an EGR channel, which is at least partially closable with the aid of an EGR valve unit, into an area of the intake manifold, which lies between the final control element and the combustion chamber. A first variable, which characterizes the mass flow of the gas conducted through the EGR channel, is ascertained from a set of state variables of the internal combustion engine, which apply for an operating state in which the engine is in overrun operation and the final control element is essentially closed.

Abstract: An optical steering angle sensor for determining the absolute value of the steering angle even when a steering wheel has been revolved several times is provided, having a stator, a rotor with a barcode and evaluation electronics. In one form, the invention provides for the rotor to have a track groove which is arranged in the form of a worm in order to determine the number of revolutions, which track groove has an associated driver finger on the stator, which engages in the track groove and is arranged in a bearing such that it can pivot, and has a holder for a magnet which can pivot with the driver finger and which driver finger has an associated stationary Hall sensor, which is provided in an evaluation circuit.

Abstract: A ring structure with a metal design for a moving blade of axially flowed through compressor and turbine stages, particularly in gas turbine engines is provided. The ring structure includes a circular ring-shaped outer wall, a circular ring-shaped inner wall, which is located at a short radial distance from the moving blade tips, and includes a joining structure provided in the form of hollow chamber structure between the outer wall and the inner wall. The outer wall is provided in the form of a closed, mechanically stable housing wall of the compressor or turbine stage, and the joining structure provided in the form of hollow chamber structure is joined in a fixed manner to the outer wall and to the inner wall, for example, by soldering, diffusion welding or other joining techniques. The inner wall is provided in the form of a closed, mechanically stable structure, which serves as a run-in lining for the moving blade tips and which is made of a metal woven fabric and/or of a metal felt.

Abstract: Described is a method for operating an internal combustion engine (1), in which method at least one parameter of the exhaust gas flowing in an exhaust-gas duct (10) is detected by at least one exhaust-gas probe (30; 32), wherein the internal combustion engine (1) is at least temporarily turned over by a starting device (3), during which an injection and combustion of fuel does not take place, and during and/or after which the exhaust-gas probe (30; 32) is adjusted.