Abstract: Sensor systems, sensors, and methods for detecting a presence and a phase of a medium on a surface are described. The sensor system has a power source providing a voltage; a sensing element in electrical communication with the power source, the sensing element including: two electrodes, wherein a gap is defined between the two electrodes, and a temperature measurement device disposed between the two electrodes; a fixed resistor in electrical communication with the power source and the sensing element; and a data acquisition system in electrical communication with the power source, the sensing element, and the fixed resistor. The sensor system measures the electrical resistance of the medium, and the temperature of the surface, and identifies the phase of the medium.

Abstract: Methods and systems for creating emulsions are described. Also described are the emulsions created by the methods or with the systems.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the presence and wetness of at least one medium, including ice, snow and water, on a surface of an object, is described.

Abstract: Methods of printing nanoparticulate ink using nanoporous print stamps are disclosed. A nanoporous print stamp can include a substrate, a patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes disposed on the substrate, and a secondary material disposed on the carbon nanotubes to reduce capillary-induced deformation of the patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes when printing nanoparticulate ink. Some methods include loading a nanoporous print stamp with nanoparticulate colloidal ink such that the nanoparticulate colloidal ink is drawn into microstructures of the patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes via capillary wicking. Nanoparticulate colloidal ink can include nanoparticles dispersed in a solution.

Abstract: A nanoporous stamp for printing a variety of materials is disclosed. The nanoporous stamp may include a substrate and an array of carbon nanotubes disposed on and attached to the substrate. The array of carbon nanotubes can have an etched top surface and a wettable, nanoporous structure, and may include a coating thereon. The nanoporous stamp can be used in a variety of printing applications, and can print, among other things, colloidal and non-colloidal inks on a variety of substrates with a high degree of accuracy and fidelity.

Abstract: Methods of printing nanoparticulate ink using nanoporous print stamps are disclosed. A nanoporous print stamp can include a substrate, a patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes disposed on the substrate, and a secondary material disposed on the carbon nanotubes to reduce capillary-induced deformation of the patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes when printing nanoparticulate ink. Some methods include loading a nanoporous print stamp with nanoparticulate colloidal ink such that the nanoparticulate colloidal ink is drawn into microstructures of the patterned arrangement of carbon nanotubes via capillary wicking. Nanoparticulate colloidal ink can include nanoparticles dispersed in a solution.

Abstract: A nanoporous stamp for printing a variety of materials is disclosed. The nanoporous stamp may include a substrate and an array of carbon nanotubes disposed on and attached to the substrate. The array of carbon nanotubes can have an etched top surface and a wettable, nanoporous structure, and may include a coating thereon. The nanoporous stamp can be used in a variety of printing applications, and can print, among other things, colloidal and non-colloidal inks on a variety of substrates with a high degree of accuracy and fidelity.