Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a mechanically stable, energy dense and water-resistant biomass product. By utilizing a unique two-step heating process in combination with mechanical compression, the resulting biomass product retains its physical shape and strength after immersion in ambient water for many hours. The treatment is effective for a variety of cellulosic biomass materials including forest slash wood.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing a mechanically stable, energy dense and water-resistant biomass product. By utilizing a unique two-step heating process in combination with mechanical compression, the resulting biomass product retains its physical shape and strength after immersion in ambient water for many hours. The treatment is effective for a variety of cellulosic biomass materials including forest slash wood.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a binder-free product and process for making the product. The product is a mechanically stable, water resistant torrefied biomass product that does not comprise an extrinsic binder additive. The product is made using a combination of appropriate pre-treatment steps and compressing the conditioned biomass feedstock into a thermally managed compaction device comprising at least one modified die. The modified die allows for differential cooling/heating modifications so as to control the temperature near the entrance to the compaction device and passing the formed torrefied biomass into a post-formation curing zone.

Abstract: A manufacturing process is disclosed for preparing torrefied biomass having a reduced inorganic content which comprises passing crude torrefied biomass through one or more selective separation devices capable of separating inorganic particulate matter from the torrefied biomass.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a binder-free product and process for making the product. The product is a mechanically stable, water resistant torrefied biomass product that does not comprise an extrinsic binder additive. The product is made using a combination of appropriate pre-treatment steps and compressing the conditioned biomass feedstock into a thermally managed compaction device comprising at least one modified die. The modified die allows for differential cooling/heating modifications so as to control the temperature near the entrance to the compaction device and passing the formed torrefied biomass into a post-formation curing zone.

Abstract: A manufacturing process is disclosed for preparing torrefied biomass having a reduced inorganic content which comprises passing crude torrefied biomass through one or more selective separation devices capable of separating inorganic particulate matter from the torrefied biomass.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for efficient utilization of charge replenishment rods in Czochralski silicon crystal growing processes.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and reactor apparatus for rapidly producing large diameter, high-purity polycrystalline silicon rods for semiconductor applications. A.C. current, having a fixed or variable high frequency in the range of about 2 kHz to 800 kHz, is provided to concentrate at least 70% of the current in an annular region that is the outer 15% of a growing rod due to the “skin effect.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and reactor apparatus for rapidly producing large diameter, high-purity polycrystalline silicon rods for semiconductor applications. A.C. current, having a fixed or variable high frequency in the range of about 2 kHz to 800 kHz, is provided to concentrate at least 70% of the current in an annular region that is the outer 15% of a growing rod due to the “skin effect.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and reactor apparatus for rapidly producing large diameter, high-purity polycrystalline silicon rods for semiconductor applications. A.C. current, having a fixed or variable high frequency in the range of about 2 kHz to 800 kHz, is provided to concentrate at least 70% of the current in an annular region that is the outer 15% of a growing rod due to the “skin effect.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for efficient utilization of charge replenishment rods in Czochralski silicon crystal growing processes.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and reactor apparatus for rapidly producing large diameter, high-purity polycrystalline silicon rods for semiconductor applications. A.C. current, having a fixed or variable high frequency in the range of about 2 kHz to 800 kHz, is provided to concentrate at least 70% of the current in an annular region that is the outer 15% of a growing rod due to the “skin effect.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and reactor apparatus for rapidly producing large diameter, high-purity polycrystalline silicon rods for semiconductor applications. A.C. current is provided to the rods by a power supply, having a fixed or variable high frequency in the range of about 2 kHz to 800 kHz, to concentrate at least 70% of the current in an annular region that is the outer 15% of a rod due to the “skin effect.

Abstract: A machining apparatus is disclosed which includes a rotatable tool turret having a plurality of modular machine tools removably supported thereon in circumferentially spaced apart relationship, a transmission assembly for effectuating the indexed rotation of the tool turret, and a multi-disc variable-speed drive system for independently driving each of the modular machine tools supported on the tool turret.

Abstract: Polycrystalline silicon rod capable of providing within no more than two floating zoning passes, unicrystalline silicon exhibiting a resistivity of at least 10,000 ohm-cm (donor) and a lifetime of at least about 10,000 milliseconds, exhibits a copper X-ray diffraction pattern having a peak at 26.85.degree..+-.0.25.degree. (2 theta) and has less than 15 ppta boron and less than 20 ppta phosphorus.

Abstract: The vehicle suspension system embodies a vehicle chassis, a pair of opposed axle-mounted wheels mounted to a U-shaped member which is pivoted to the chassis for allowing interdependent vertical wheel deflection relative to the chassis, and a pair of opposed link members. Each link member is pivotally connected to a U-shaped member and also pivotally connected to a respective toggle. A damping means is extendable transversely across and upwardly of the chassis and is pivotally engageable at each of its termini with a respective adjacent toggle. Any deflection in one of the wheels generating a stress in the damping means transmits a compensating reaction on the opposite wheel through its associated link member.