Abstract: A network topology determining apparatus includes: an obtaining module, configured to obtain a connection relationship between a plurality of network elements in a network and a network grade of each network element, where the network grade is used to indicate an importance degree of the network element in the network; a first determining module, configured to determine a plurality of subnets based on the connection relationship between the plurality of network elements and the network grade of each network element; a second determining module, configured to determine location information of each network element in a descending order of the network grades of the network elements in the network based on a connection relationship between network elements in each subnet; and an establishment module, configured to establish a network topology based on the connection relationship between the plurality of network elements and the location information of each network element.

Abstract: A network topology determining apparatus includes: an obtaining module, configured to obtain a connection relationship between a plurality of network elements in a network and a network grade of each network element, where the network grade is used to indicate an importance degree of the network element in the network; a first determining module, configured to determine a plurality of subnets based on the connection relationship between the plurality of network elements and the network grade of each network element; a second determining module, configured to determine location information of each network element in a descending order of the network grades of the network elements in the network based on a connection relationship between network elements in each subnet; and an establishment module, configured to establish a network topology based on the connection relationship between the plurality of network elements and the location information of each network element.

Abstract: An instrumental approach enabling evaluation of efficacy of skin care products is disclosed. Common problems shared by existing methods include first the difficulty whether to test the entire human face, or just focus on the key locations (not determined yet); the difficulty in conducting a repeatable test when human face is hard to fix on and changes between different persons; and how many different skin attributes to test for making a reliable and complete judgment. The instrumental approach of the process tests a sample at once to obtain all the information needed. It shows good repeatability and sensitivity. It yields necessary yet sufficient information in numbers.

Abstract: An instrumental approach enabling evaluation of efficacy of skin care products is disclosed. Common problems shared by existing methods include first the difficulty whether to test the entire human face, or just focus on the key locations (not determined yet); the difficulty in conducting a repeatable test when human face is hard to fix on and changes between different persons; and how many different skin attributes to test for making a reliable and complete judgment. The instrumental approach of the process tests a sample at once to obtain all the information needed. It shows good repeatability and sensitivity. It yields necessary yet sufficient information in numbers.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an all-glass solar heat collecting tube without a tail pipe. The bottom of one end of an inner glass tube plated by a selective absorbing coating layer is rounded, the other end is connected to a first glass outer tube. The bottom of one end of a second glass outer tube is rounded and the other end is flared. The connected inner glass tube/first glass outer tube is inserted into the second glass outer tube. A gap is formed between the first glass outer tube and the second glass outer tube to serve as an air exhausting channel. The first glass outer tube is inserted into the flared opening of the second glass outer tube. The contact point between the first glass outer tube and the second glass outer tube is heated to frit seal and butt joint.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an all-glass solar heat collecting tube without a tail pipe. The bottom of one end of an inner glass tube plated by a selective absorbing coating layer is rounded, the other end is connected to a first glass outer tube. The bottom of one end of a second glass outer tube is rounded and the other end is flared. The connected inner glass tube/first glass outer tube is inserted into the second glass outer tube. A gap is formed between the first glass outer tube and the second glass outer tube to serve as an air exhausting channel. The first glass outer tube is inserted into the flared opening of the second glass outer tube. The contact point between the first glass outer tube and the second glass outer tube is heated to frit seal and butt joint.