Abstract: Devices and method for forming a switch including a heater layer including a first heater pad, a second heater pad, and a heater line connecting the first heater pad and the second heater pad, a phase change material (PCM) layer positioned in a same vertical plane as the heater line, and a floating spreader layer including a first portion positioned in the same vertical plane as the heater line and the PCM layer, in which the first portion has a first width that is less than or equal to a distance between proximate sidewalls of the first heater pad and the second heater pad.

Abstract: A solar energy collecting and storing system includes a solar energy collecting unit and a heat reservoir. By the thermal energy collector, solar light is absorbed and converted into thermal energy for heating a working fluid contained in the thermal energy collector. Multiple input/output control valves and multiple input/output joints are connected with the heat reservoir for controlling the working fluid to flow into or out of the heat reservoir. If the light exposure is insufficient, the input control valve is closed and the heat reservoir is maintained in a thermally isolated state. For utilizing the thermal energy, the output control valve is opened and thus the thermal energy contained in the working fluid is transferred to the thermal energy application device through the thermal energy output piping line.

Abstract: A piston in a pump reciprocates by using forces of repulsion and attraction for an electromagnetic element toward a magnetic element. So fluid is pumped and guided with the help of several valves at different places in the pump.