Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the device including gate structures on a substrate; source/drain layers on portions of the substrate that are adjacent the gate structures, respectively; first contact plugs contacting upper surfaces of the source/drain layers, respectively; a second contact plug contacting one of the gate structures, a sidewall of the second contact plug being covered by an insulating spacer; and a third contact plug commonly contacting an upper surface of at least one of the gate structures and at least one of the first contact plugs, at least a portion of a sidewall of the third contact plug not being covered by an insulating spacer.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus includes a housing, a light emitting module disposed on an open region at a first side of the housing, a heat sink unit disposed within the housing to absorb and discharge heat from the light emitting module, and at least one subsidiary heat pipe independent of the heat sink unit and disposed on the heat sink base. The light emitting module includes a heat sink base on which a semiconductor optical device is disposed.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) luminaire including a first light emitting group and a power factor correction unit connected to the first light emitting group, the power factor correction unit comprising at least one of a boost converter circuit, a buck converter circuit, and a buck-boost converter circuit. The at least one of the boost converter circuit, the buck converter circuit, and the buck-boost converter circuit are configured to step up or step down a first rectified voltage in response to a switching control signal from a control integrated circuit (IC) to generate a drive voltage equal to or greater than a first threshold voltage sufficient to drive the first light emitting group.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus includes a housing, a light emitting module disposed on an open region at one side of the housing, and a heat sink unit placed within the housing to absorb and discharge heat from the light emitting module. The light emitting module includes a heat sink base on which a semiconductor optical device is mounted. The heat sink unit includes at least one main heat pipe having one side adjoining the heat sink base and a heat sink block adjoining the other side of the main heat pipe to cooperate with the main heat pipe.

Abstract: An alternating current (AC) light-emitting diode (LED) lighting apparatus includes a circuit board having a circuit pattern disposed thereon, LEDs disposed on the circuit board and connected to each other by the circuit pattern, and first to n-th LED drive integrated circuits (IC) disposed on the circuit board and respectively connected to the LEDs and the circuit pattern.

Abstract: An LED luminaire according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a rectifier outputting a first rectified voltage generated by rectifying AC voltage and flattening the rectified voltage, a power factor correction unit receiving the first rectified voltage output from the rectifier and generating and outputting a drive voltage, an LED light emitting unit including first to m-th light emitting groups each including at least one LED, the LED light emitting unit sequentially driven by receiving the drive voltage input from the power factor correction unit, and an LED drive IC determining a voltage level of the drive voltage upon receiving the drive voltage input from the power factor correction unit, and controlling sequential driving of the first to m-th light emitting groups according to the determined voltage level of the drive voltage.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide AC LED lighting apparatuses. The AC LED lighting apparatuses may increase luminous flux and provide optimal efficiency through novel arrangement of a plurality of light emitting blocks on a circuit board and a plurality of LEDs and drive ICs included in each of the light emitting blocks to be sequentially driven, and/or through efficient series-parallel connection between a limited number of LEDs.

Abstract: An LED luminaire according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a rectifier outputting a first rectified voltage generated by rectifying AC voltage and flattening the rectified voltage, a power factor correction unit receiving the first rectified voltage output from the rectifier and generating and outputting a drive voltage, an LED light emitting unit including first to m-th light emitting groups each including at least one LED, the LED light emitting unit sequentially driven by receiving the drive voltage input from the power factor correction unit, and an LED drive IC determining a voltage level of the drive voltage upon receiving the drive voltage input from the power factor correction unit, and controlling sequential driving of the first to m-th light emitting groups according to the determined voltage level of the drive voltage.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide AC LED lighting apparatuses. The AC LED lighting apparatuses may increase luminous flux and provide optimal efficiency through novel arrangement of a plurality of light emitting blocks on a circuit board and a plurality of LEDs and drive ICs included in each of the light emitting blocks to be sequentially driven, and/or through efficient series-parallel connection between a limited number of LEDs.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical semiconductor-based lighting apparatus. The lighting apparatus includes a housing, a light emitting module disposed on an open region at one side of the housing, and a heat sink unit placed within the housing to absorb and discharge heat from the light emitting module. The light emitting module includes a heat sink base on which a semiconductor optical device is mounted. The heat sink unit includes at least one main heat pipe having one side adjoining the heat sink base and a heat sink block adjoining the other side of the main heat pipe to cooperate with the main heat pipe.