Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming an area-selective thin film, the method comprising supplying a nuclear growth retardant to the inside of the chamber in which the substrate is placed, so that the nuclear growth retardant is adsorbed to a non-growth region of the substrate; purging the interior of the chamber; supplying a precursor to the inside of the chamber, so that the precursor is adsorbed to a growth region of the substrate; purging the interior of the chamber; and supplying a reaction material to the inside of the chamber, so that the reaction material reacts with the adsorbed precursor to form the thin film.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a stacked structure includes forming a first metal buffer layer including crystal grains on a base substrate, forming a second metal buffer material layer on the first metal buffer layer, and crystallizing the second metal buffer material layer to form a second metal buffer layer, wherein the second metal buffer material layer includes crystal grains, and a density of the crystal grains of the second metal buffer material layer is lower than a density of the crystal grains of the first metal buffer layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an audio system and a method of controlling the same. An aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an optimal listening state according to a user setting volume and hardware characteristics of an audio system. The audio system includes a signal inputter configured to receive an input audio signal; a signal processor configure to variably apply a dynamic range for each area of the input audio signal, to apply a scaling of a size corresponding to an inverse number of a boosting gain determined by a user setting volume for the input audio signal, to perform a tone mapping of the input audio signal by applying the boosting gain, to perform signal compensation for the input audio signal by the inverse number of the scaling, and to apply a master volume according to the user setting volume; a storage configured to store parameters used in signal processing of the signal processor; and a signal outputter configured to output the audio signal processed by the signal processor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an audio system and a method of controlling the same. An aspect of the present disclosure is to provide an optimal listening state according to a user setting volume and hardware characteristics of an audio system. The audio system includes a signal inputter configured to receive an input audio signal; a signal processor configure to variably apply a dynamic range for each area of the input audio signal, to apply a scaling of a size corresponding to an inverse number of a boosting gain determined by a user setting volume for the input audio signal, to perform a tone mapping of the input audio signal by applying the boosting gain, to perform signal compensation for the input audio signal by the inverse number of the scaling, and to apply a master volume according to the user setting volume; a storage configured to store parameters used in signal processing of the signal processor; and a signal outputter configured to output the audio signal processed by the signal processor.

Abstract: A sound output apparatus is provided. The sound output apparatus according to an embodiment includes an inputter, an outputter, a storage configured to store mapping information between a volume level and a dynamic range of the sound output apparatus and a processor configured to obtain a dynamic range corresponding to a volume level currently set to the sound output apparatus based on the mapping information, process a sound signal input through the inputter based on the dynamic range and output the processed sound signal through the outputter.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus and a method for controlling the electronic apparatus are provided. The electronic apparatus includes an audio processor that outputs an audio including a first audio component and a second audio component and a controller that controls the audio processor to change a ratio of the first audio component to the second audio component according to the changed audio level, in response to receiving an instruction to change a level of the output audio.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus and a method for controlling the electronic apparatus are provided. The electronic apparatus includes an audio processor that outputs an audio including a first audio component and a second audio component and a controller that controls the audio processor to change a ratio of the first audio component to the second audio component according to the changed audio level, in response to receiving an instruction to change a level of the output audio.

Abstract: A sound output apparatus is provided. The sound output apparatus according to an embodiment includes an inputter, an outputter, a storage configured to store mapping information between a volume level and a dynamic range of the sound output apparatus and a processor configured to obtain a dynamic range corresponding to a volume level currently set to the sound output apparatus based on the mapping information, process a sound signal input through the inputter based on the dynamic range and output the processed sound signal through the outputter.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus and a method for controlling the electronic apparatus are provided. The electronic apparatus includes an audio processor that outputs an audio including a first audio component and a second audio component and a controller that controls the audio processor to change a ratio of the first audio component to the second audio component according to the changed audio level, in response to receiving an instruction to change a level of the output audio.

Abstract: A signaling processor is provided. The signaling processor includes a frequency domain processing module configured to generate a cut-off frequency of an input signal and to generate level information for adjusting a level of a high frequency recovery signal and a time domain processing module configured to receive the cut-off frequency and the level information from the frequency domain processing module, to generate a signal having a frequency greater than or equal to the cut-off frequency using part of a signal of a frequency lower than the cut-off frequency in the input signal, to generate the high frequency recovery signal by adjusting a level of the generated signal using the level information, and to synthesize the high frequency recovery signal with the input signal.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus including an audio processor configured to generate an audio output by processing an audio input having at least two channels; and a controller configured to control the audio processor to split the audio input into a first audio component and a second audio component different in a sound image from each other, modify the sound image of the second audio component to a predetermined location for enhancing presence of the audio output, and generate the audio output based on the first audio component having unmodified sound image and the second audio component having modified sound image.

Abstract: A signaling processor is provided. The signaling processor includes a frequency domain processing module configured to generate a cut-off frequency of an input signal and to generate level information for adjusting a level of a high frequency recovery signal and a time domain processing module configured to receive the cut-off frequency and the level information from the frequency domain processing module, to generate a signal having a frequency greater than or equal to the cut-off frequency using part of a signal of a frequency lower than the cut-off frequency in the input signal, to generate the high frequency recovery signal by adjusting a level of the generated signal using the level information, and to synthesize the high frequency recovery signal with the input signal.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus and a method for controlling the electronic apparatus are provided. The electronic apparatus includes an audio processor that outputs an audio including a first audio component and a second audio component and a controller that controls the audio processor to change a ratio of the first audio component to the second audio component according to the changed audio level, in response to receiving an instruction to change a level of the output audio.