Abstract: A pattern generator may include an electromagnetic radiation source and an optical system. The electromagnetic radiation source may emit electromagnetic radiation to create a pattern on a workpiece. The optical system may include an optical path for the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation source and may be configured such that an apodization of the electromagnetic radiation is sufficient to optimize a critical dimension linearity for the created pattern.

Abstract: The present invention relates to ion fragmentation techniques by electron-ion reactions in multipolar radiofrequency fields like those in quadrupole ion traps or in ion guides, and devices to perform ion fragmentation by such techniques. The fragmentation techniques are useful for tandem mass spectrometry. The invention consists of the application of a magnetic field essentially parallel to the axis of the radiofrequency field to confine the electrons in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Abstract: A MUX, DEMUX or integrated combination MUX/DEMUX utilizing a discrete dispersion device (herein referred to as “D3” device), which includes at least one input port, at least one output port and an optical planar waveguide comprising a synergetic photonic bandgap quasi-crystal (“PBQC”) for guiding and supporting optical signals in a work bandwidth. The D3 device achieves a flat-top response for each channel, high channel isolation and background noise suppression.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photonic multi-bandgap structure, herein also referred to as photonic bandgap quasi-crystal (“PBQC”), that can direct light, having wavelength components within a selected passband (&Dgr;&lgr;), from an input port, to a predefined output port, while providing an integrating element for Planar Lightwave Circuts. A photonic bandgap quasi-crystal of the invention combines in a planar waveguide spectrally selective properties of gratings, focusing properties of elliptical mirrors, superposition properties of thick holograms, photonic bandgaps of periodic structures, and flexibility of binary lithography. A photonic structure of the invention can be utilized, for example, as an integrating spectrally sensitive element in a variety of optical devices that can include, but are not limited to, optical switches, optical multiplexer/demultiplexers, multi-wavelength lasers, and channel monitors in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) telecommunications system.