Abstract: In one or more embodiments described herein, there is provided an apparatus comprising input and output waveguides, and a carbon nanotube array. The array is positioned to electromagnetically couple the waveguides. The array has a slow-wave factor associated therewith, the speed of propagation of waves through the array being determined by this slow-wave factor. The array also has a first interface region. The apparatus further comprises a tuning element positioned to oppose the first interface region of the array to define a tuning distance. The slow-wave factor is affected by this tuning distance, and the tuning element is configured to be movable with respect to the first interface region so as to vary this tuning distance and thereby control the speed of propagation of waves through the array.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments described herein, there is provided an apparatus comprising input and output waveguides, and a carbon nanotube array. The array is positioned to electromagnetically couple the waveguides. The array has a slow-wave factor associated therewith, the speed of propagation of waves through the array being determined by this slow-wave factor. The array also has a first interface region. The apparatus further comprises a tuning element positioned to oppose the first interface region of the array to define a tuning distance. The slow-wave factor is affected by this tuning distance, and the tuning element is configured to be movable with respect to the first interface region so as to vary this tuning distance and thereby control the speed of propagation of waves through the array.

Abstract: A phase shifting method and a phase shifter are provided. The phase shifter comprises a first (200) and a second (202) transmission line structure in parallel, the structures having a common input, each structure comprising cascaded forward and backward transmission lines and the same number of components. The component values of the second structure are equal to the component values of the first structure multiplied by a given proportionality constant.