Abstract: A method of manufacturing a stacked structure includes forming a first metal buffer layer including crystal grains on a base substrate, forming a second metal buffer material layer on the first metal buffer layer, and crystallizing the second metal buffer material layer to form a second metal buffer layer, wherein the second metal buffer material layer includes crystal grains, and a density of the crystal grains of the second metal buffer material layer is lower than a density of the crystal grains of the first metal buffer layer.

Abstract: An air conditioning system of a vehicle and a control method thereof, includes a distance sensor that is configured to detect a distance from the vehicle to another vehicle in front of the vehicle; a humidity sensor that is configured to detect an inside humidity of the vehicle; an inside temperature sensor that is configured to detect an inside temperature of the vehicle; an outside temperature sensor that is configured to detect an outside temperature of the vehicle; and a controller electrically connected to the distance sensor, the humidity sensor, the inside temperature sensor, and the outside temperature sensor and configured for determining an air conditioning mode of the vehicle based on the distance to another vehicle in front detected by the distance sensor, the inside humidity of the vehicle detected by the humidity sensor, the inside temperature of the vehicle detected by the inside temperature sensor, and the outside temperature of the vehicle detected by the outside temperature sensor.

Abstract: A state of charge (SOC) control method for improving fuel efficiency of a hybrid vehicle may include monitoring an SOC of a battery of the vehicle, determining, by a controller, a change rate in SOC reduction based on the monitored SOC, and performing, by the controller, SOC anti-reduction control based on the determined change rate in the SOC reduction.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an engine of a vehicle includes an engine managing part to control warming up the engine at an initial start stage, and an air conditioning controlling part to request the engine managing part to perform an engine start, depending on whether the engine is warming up when control of air conditioning is necessary. The air conditioning controlling part continuously requests the engine managing part to perform the engine start to control the air conditioning until a warming up duration of the engine is terminated during the warning up of the engine.

Abstract: A method of controlling a hybrid electric vehicle is provided. The method includes determining whether a condition for turning off an engine is satisfied and determining engine clutch disengaging time and residual purge gas consuming time from engine driving status information when the condition is satisfied. Engine clutch-engaged charging control time is determined from the engine clutch disengaging time and the residual purge gas consuming time. The method includes closing a purge control solenoid valve and starting to perform engine clutch-engaged charging control. The engine clutch-engaged charging control is maintained for the determined engine clutch-engaged charging control time and then engine clutch disengaging control is performed for the determined engine clutch disengaging time. The engine is stopped after the engine clutch disengaging control is performed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a multi-capsule, the method including steps of: (a) preparing a coating solution by mixing purified water, titanium dioxide, mica, a hydrophobic polymer, cellulose gum, and sucrose; and (b) drying the coating solution prepared in step (a) while spraying the coating solution through a spray nozzle of a fluid bed dryer after introducing a spherical seed of a colorant component for a cosmetic; or a starch or sucrose spherical seed coated with a functional component into the fluid bed dryer, a multi-capsule produced by the method, and a cosmetic composition containing the multi-capsule as an active component.

Abstract: An engine control method for heating of a hybrid electric vehicle, includes collecting information for air conditioning control by a sensor during an operation of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) device in the hybrid electric vehicle in which forced engine driving for heating is performed, determining whether a condition that requires pre-engine driving as driving in a separate mode from forced engine driving is satisfied based on the collected information, upon determining that the condition that requires the pre-engine driving is required is satisfied, determining whether a condition for allowing the pre-engine driving is satisfied based on engine efficiency and hybrid system efficiency information, and upon determining that the condition for allowing the pre-engine driving is satisfied, performing the pre-engine driving for driving an engine to manage engine coolant temperature.

Abstract: A state of charge (SOC) control method for improving fuel efficiency of a hybrid vehicle may include monitoring an SOC of a battery of the vehicle, determining, by a controller, a change rate in SOC reduction based on the monitored SOC, and performing, by the controller, SOC anti-reduction control based on the determined change rate in the SOC reduction.

Abstract: A method for identifying a driving pattern for fuel economy improvement of a hybrid vehicle is provided. The method includes allocating priorities in accordance with influences exerted on fuel economy based on a heating load and an electric load. A current driving pattern is then selected in the order of a high heating load driving pattern, a high electric load driving pattern, an aggressive driving pattern, a high speed driving pattern, and a city driving pattern.

Abstract: A method for controlling a water pump for a vehicle includes: determining whether an engine is on; measuring a coolant temperature of the engine and an RPM of the engine when the engine is determined to be operated; determining whether the measured coolant temperature is equal to or greater than a predetermined coolant temperature; determining an RPM of a water pump, which adjusts a coolant flow rate, from the measured coolant temperature and the measured RPM of the engine, when the measured coolant temperature is determined to be equal to or greater than the predetermined coolant temperature; and controlling the water pump such that the water pump is operated according to the determined RPM of the water pump.

Abstract: A method for controlling a hybrid vehicle having a motor and an engine includes: calculating a first startup reference value of the engine on the basis of requested power of the hybrid vehicle; measuring a current speed of the hybrid vehicle, and predicting a future speed of the hybrid vehicle; generating a compensation value needed to compensate for the first startup reference value of the engine on the basis of a difference between the current speed and the future speed of the hybrid vehicle; acquiring a second startup reference value of the engine by compensating for the first startup reference value on the basis of the compensation value; and controlling a startup operation of the engine according to the second startup reference value acquired through compensation.

Abstract: A method of controlling a hybrid electric vehicle is provided. The method includes determining whether a condition for turning off an engine is satisfied and determining engine clutch disengaging time and residual purge gas consuming time from engine driving status information when the condition is satisfied. Engine clutch-engaged charging control time is determined from the engine clutch disengaging time and the residual purge gas consuming time. The method includes closing a purge control solenoid valve and starting to perform engine clutch-engaged charging control. The engine clutch-engaged charging control is maintained for the determined engine clutch-engaged charging control time and then engine clutch disengaging control is performed for the determined engine clutch disengaging time. The engine is stopped after the engine clutch disengaging control is performed.

Abstract: A method for controlling a water pump for a vehicle includes: determining whether an engine is on; measuring a coolant temperature of the engine and an RPM of the engine when the engine is determined to be operated; determining whether the measured coolant temperature is equal to or greater than a predetermined coolant temperature; determining an RPM of a water pump, which adjusts a coolant flow rate, from the measured coolant temperature and the measured RPM of the engine, when the measured coolant temperature is determined to be equal to or greater than the predetermined coolant temperature; and controlling the water pump such that the water pump is operated according to the determined RPM of the water pump.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a multi-capsule, the method including steps of: (a) preparing a coating solution by mixing purified water, titanium dioxide, mica, a hydrophobic polymer, cellulose gum, and sucrose; and (b) drying the coating solution prepared in step (a) while spraying the coating solution through a spray nozzle of a fluid bed dryer after introducing a spherical seed of a colorant component for a cosmetic; or a starch or sucrose spherical seed coated with a functional component into the fluid bed dryer, a multi-capsule produced by the method, and a cosmetic composition containing the multi-capsule as an active component.

Abstract: A method for controlling a water pump for a vehicle includes: determining whether an engine is on; measuring a coolant temperature of the engine and an RPM of the engine when the engine is determined to be operated; determining whether the measured coolant temperature is equal to or greater than a predetermined coolant temperature; determining an RPM of a water pump, which adjusts a coolant flow rate, from the measured coolant temperature and the measured RPM of the engine, when the measured coolant temperature is determined to be equal to or greater than the predetermined coolant temperature; and controlling the water pump such that the water pump is operated according to the determined RPM of the water pump.

Abstract: A method for identifying a driving pattern for fuel economy improvement of a hybrid vehicle is provided. The method includes allocating priorities in accordance with influences exerted on fuel economy based on a heating load and an electric load. A current driving pattern is then selected in the order of a high heating load driving pattern, a high electric load driving pattern, an aggressive driving pattern, a high speed driving pattern, and a city driving pattern.

Abstract: An engine control method for heating of a hybrid electric vehicle, includes collecting information for air conditioning control by a sensor during an operation of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) device in the hybrid electric vehicle in which forced engine driving for heating is performed, determining whether a condition that requires pre-engine driving as driving in a separate mode from forced engine driving is satisfied based on the collected information, upon determining that the condition that requires the pre-engine driving is required is satisfied, determining whether a condition for allowing the pre-engine driving is satisfied based on engine efficiency and hybrid system efficiency information, and upon determining that the condition for allowing the pre-engine driving is satisfied, performing the pre-engine driving for driving an engine to manage engine coolant temperature.

Abstract: An engine idle operation control method and system are provided to improve the fuel efficiency of a vehicle through maintenance of efficient battery SOC and charge control during the engine-on for heating of a vehicle. The method includes receiving an engine-on request for heating of the vehicle and determining a road condition. A target charge power is determined and set as a value corresponding to the road condition and battery state information. A basic idle RPM set as a value corresponding to the road condition, the target charge power, and the outdoor temperature is determined. A compensation RPM and a target idle RPM are determined by compensating for the basic idle RPM by the compensation RPM to adjust the engine idle driving into the determined target idle RPM during the heating of the vehicle.

Abstract: A heating control method of a hybrid vehicle controls engine driving for heating or revolutions per minute (RPM) of an engine according to whether the engine is started in a state in which navigation information is received to actively control a heating value of the engine and to improve fuel efficiency on an actual road in cold weather conditions, and for controlling the RPM of the engine to an appropriate RPM to smoothly recharge a battery with a high voltage through a hybrid starter generator (HSG).

Abstract: A method for controlling a hybrid vehicle having a motor and an engine includes: calculating a first startup reference value of the engine on the basis of requested power of the hybrid vehicle; measuring a current speed of the hybrid vehicle, and predicting a future speed of the hybrid vehicle; generating a compensation value needed to compensate for the first startup reference value of the engine on the basis of a difference between the current speed and the future speed of the hybrid vehicle; acquiring a second startup reference value of the engine by compensating for the first startup reference value on the basis of the compensation value; and controlling a startup operation of the engine according to the second startup reference value acquired through compensation.